Bell Helicopters: A Legacy of Global Innovation

bell helicopters A Legacy of Global Innovation go up doorbell Helicopters began as an adventure of Lawrence bell when he created price Aircraft slew. through with(predicate) his admiration for atmosphere, a fellowship grew that would help the aloneies, with the P-39 fighter and B-29 bomber, win the here and now World war and conquer the demon of the sound barrier by reaching Mach 1 with the X-1 flown by master Chuck Yeager. When Larry buzzer turned his passion to straight relief valve, a invigorated industry was natural, the pearly. doorbell Aircraft would extend the beginning company to mass cite the whirlybird and produced much(prenominal) icons as the bell Huey, Huey Cobra, and tam-tam Kiowa. These whirlybirds would redefine current war farthermoste and pave the air for noncombatant use of the machines. bell Helicopters would emerge from the toll Aircraft Corporation and produce chops for the world. The cast 206, kelvin Ranger would see crucia l use in every corner of the globe in almost any chop job imaginable. campana Helicopters would create completelyiances with companies such as Agusta, Boeing, and Air Methods Corporation and eventually merge with and cause a subsidiary of the ball-shaped Textron Corporation. toll Helicopter restrains to be an international leader in technologies and airframes with annual global revenue of $3.5 billion, and whose serve ups and products, such as the tam-tam 505-X and the chime 525 Relentless, pass on run the global economy for the far-reaching early.Helicopters crap played a brisk role in aviation since their inception in the late 1930s. man airplanes travel specifically from point to point, helicopters entrust the enroute services to the destination. The helicopter was born during the first half century of powered f giddy and several lynchpin inventors at the magazine stand out. This paper entrust follow integrity of them, Lawrence buzzer, namesake of cost Helic opters. During the early years of f well-heeled, airplanes were capturing the hearts of crowds everywhere with their ever-increasing festinates, distances, and capabilities. Larry Bell, an aircraft shapeer and manufacturing business saw the potential for a closer to the earth, smaller, more personal airframe that would serve both armament and civilian pick outs. Bell Aircraft Corporation, as Bell Helicopters was initially named, would begin by producing aircraft for the WWII effort and followed with vital X- programs in aircraft design. Their aircraft would provide the bloc powers with the equipment necessary to win the war and the instruction and realization of supersonic flight that followed. When Larry Bell realized the need for a civilian version of forces helicopters, Bell Helicopters was established and has grown today into an international phenomenon that influences people all over the world. Almost all communities in the world atomic number 18 cause by the work th at helicopters dress on a daily cornerstone and a significant portion of those helicopters have been create by Bell Helicopters. This paper shares an insight into the history, formative years, programs, legacy, current and afterlife products, mergers, international challenges and businesses, and prospective forecast for Bell Helicopters a legacy of global innovation.Larry Bell The heart of the InnovationLawrence Bell was born in a rural townsfolk in Indiana in 1894, but his love of aviation and airplanes began, want so many aviation enthusiast, subsequently attending an airshow, when his family move to calcium just before his 16th birthday. Bell never finished gamy school and dropped out to join his older associate, Grover, who had have an exhibition pilot, caterpillar track(a) with Lincoln Beachey and pioneer airplane builder Glenn L. Martin of the Martin Company. Larry Bell began to work as an aircraft mechanic but became a stockroom clerk after his br other(a) was killed in an aircraft accident. Moving up the company, Bell rose to vice chairwoman and general manager in 1920, of the aircraft manufacturing and demonstration company. Nevertheless in 1925, after disagreements with Martin, Larry Bell left the Martin Company. It would be three years before he would return to the aircraft manufacturing business, and this time, Bell was promised guarantees of interest in the company. That company, Consolidated Aircraft, would fertilise Bell the experience he needed to foster his own company, and when Consolidated moved to California from naked as a jaybird York, Larry Bell and his general manager would stay tail end and develop their own company.Bell Aircraft, well-defineded its doors in July of 1935, by rent space in the former Consolidated Aircraft plant in New York (Lips, 2007). The company would build its first aircraft, the XFM-1 Airacuda, for the U.S. armed forces, in 1937. Even though only thirteen airframes were built, it depictd that Bell Aircraft Company could produce high quality, innovatively intentional aircraft. The company was substantiated.Establishing a LegacyIn 1938, Bell was sent to atomic number 63 with other leaders in the aviation industry to observe aviation capabilities at the time. While in Germany, Bell was enthralled by the German mass-production fable lines as opposed to the workshop, bingle airframe production at home. He would write home toil methods here are far A-one to anything in America or any other country, because theyre doing this on a large scale that lends itself to progressive production methods (Lips, 2007). During his tours of the German production factories, Larry Bell would see a craft that would profoundly impress him, a Focke Fa 61 helicopter. He would file this away for later when the aircraft would lurch him and his namesake company.On return to Buffalo, N.Y., Bell would introduce the mass production he had observed in Germany. In 1938, he would begin design of an aircraft that would allow the company to go from producing only 13 aircraft in a year to assembling over 20 a day, innovating the mass production methods for aircraft assembly. This aircraft, the P-39 Airacobra, of which over 9,500 would be built was initially intended for the American and British host. Though design augmentations and changes would prove the aircraft undesirable for its original clients, the Soviets, through the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, would acquire the airframe and become Bells first international aircraft transactions.The Second Great WarDuring World War II, Bell Aircraft would diversify and develop separate divisions to facilitate the production of other projects for the war effort. It would similarly create the Bell Modification C bring down, which during the war would shift aircraft and use valuable experience for the Bell employees when the time came to transition aircraft from military to fulfill civilian needs. The Bell Aircraft Company would come about its development of aircraft with the P-63 major power Cobra, a modified and upgraded version of the P-39 Airacobra. The company would also open a plant in Marietta, GA that helped produce the nonable B-29 bombers until 1946 when the production ceased. This plant, the first in the South would stand to be an economic boom for the constituent as most aircraft manufacturing was completed in the Northeast or western hemisphere Coast of the U.S. (Superfortress,2017).The X PlanesAmericas first jet powered airplane, the XP-59 was genuine by Bell Aircraft in secrecy during 1942. Although the aircraft would never see combat during the war, the technologies and designs produced in the development of the XP-59 would usher the Americans into the jet age. In 1944, Bell Aircraft realized the need for a high- renovate research aircraft that could explore and test advanced speed frontiers (Lips, 2007). On October 14, 1947, using a Navy engine, the Bell X-1 piloted by Captain Charles Yeager, w ould become the first aircraft to break the impenetrable sound barrier by traveling faster than Mach 1.0. The X-1 program would settle the pattern for all future X-craft programs and the X-1 project defined and solidified the post-war cooperation surrounded by U.S. military needs, civil industrial capabilities, and research facilities (NASA,2008). Bell would stick with the X-planes creating the X-5, which was the first aircraft to test the cogency to change the sweep angle of its wings in flight, and the X-14 (Type 68), a long running test platform for vertical takeoff and come (VTOL) that incorporated vectored thrust. Bell Aircraft would become a leader in the theory of tilt-rotor VTOL, first with the XV-3 wherefore with the X-22, a quad-ducted fan tilt-rotor. The XV-15, a tri-bladed rotating wing-pod VTOL, would take the company into a bare-ass direction by providing the technology that would set the stage for the future of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.No Runway Ne eded the Age of the RotorcraftWhen Lawrence Bell first became intrigued in Germany with the helicopter design witnessed, he may non have known the true impact it would have on his future. Bell had heard of a young inventor and philosophy student, Author Middleton, who had developed a working model of a helicopter, and in 1941 brought him onboard to lead a team to create and construct the first Bell helicopter. The team would set up shop in a newly acquired, former Chrysler dealership, in Gardenville, N.Y. Six months later the team had a helicopter made of plywood beams, magnesium, fir and balsa wood rotor blades, and powered by a 165-hp Franklin engine, the Bell Model 30, whos first flight was on December 29, 1942 (Bell Helicoters,2017). Production and design correction were made on the aircraft and in 1946 the renamed Model 47 was granted the first commercial type certificate for a rotorcraft. This would open the door for the increased research and development of further helicopte rs. Larry Bell, in answer to marketing research, directed the engineering team to begin construction on a larger aircraft of the future for the civilian market. The answer from the team was the Bell 42, a 4 passenger helicopter whose design would endure into modern day helicopters. Unfortunately, there was no potential large scale civilian market for the new technology at the time and only ii prototypes were made, forcing the Bell Helicopter Division to concentrate on military way of life helicopters.Bell Helicopter Division would continue the development of the Model 47 throughout the 1940s, but with the war effort and its associated revenue gone, a assort of dissident stockholders would attempt a failed hostile takeover of the company. The company would die hard union strikes and see its wartime employee number of 50,000 drop to less than 3,000 full time employees (Scranton, 2001).The 1950s saw a change for the company and in 1951 the Bell Aircraft Corporation Helicopter Divi sion was relocated to Hurst Texas to separate and concentrate on the helicopter production for the military. The Korean war had ignited a destiny for helicopters and by 1953 the 1000th Model 47 rolled off the assembly line. In 1954, a critical component of modern day helicopters was developed, the turbine engine. This would give helicopters a more dependable form of propulsion and move the helicopter from a novelty into a fully functional presents in aviation. In 1956, Lawrence Larry Bell, founder and visionary of Bell Aircraft Corporation, passed away. His dreams and salesmanship for his aircraft, and his helicopters in particular, would set the stage for the Bell Helicopter Corporation to be established as a totally owned subsidiary of Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1957 (Bell, 2017).In 1956 Bell Helicopters, would produce a helicopter that would non only change the company but change the world, the Model 204. This was the first production helicopter to implement the turbine eng ine and the timing of its development on the world stage could not come at a better period for Bell. The U.S. military was look for for a helicopter for its utility use and the Bell 204 was selected. Research and development and would continue into the 1960s when Bell would begin producing in mass, the now famous Huey helicopter, whose name was slang from the military designation HU-1, (helicopter, utility). The Vietnam War would see this aircraft, and the helicopter in general, go from an indulgence to a workhorse. The helicopter would play such a major role in the conflict that the war would become known as the Helicopter War. Over 16,000 airframes have been built by Bell and its licensees of the Model 204 and 205, making it the most successful military helicopter ever built (Bell 205, 2017). This airframe would be the basis for helicopter models that are chill out being built and flown today. To assist the 204 in its wartime delegacy, the U.S. military would also involve a mo re formidable aircraft, an attack helicopter, and Bell would answer with the Model 209. The 209 would be a slim, tandem pilot seated helicopter, thats sole mission was with the armament that it carried. This was the first time a helicopter would be apply in this fashion and over 1600 of the original production models were manufactured. Bell realized the marrowiveness of the aircraft for militaries and to date has exported the product to the militaries of Bahrain, Israel, Turkey, Thailand, Spain, South Korea, Pakistan, Jordan, and lacquer. These militaries, around the globe, testament continue to fly variants of the aircraft into the 2020s (Cobra, 2016).Although these two aircraft would become the mainstay of the military effort for the culture half of the century, a smaller, lighter aircraft would be the true link between military and civilian rotorcraft usage for Bell the Model 206. The 206 began life not as a military helicopter but as a civilian light helicopter in 1966 as 2 06A, but was shortly transitioned to its military version for a lightweight observation helicopter, the OH-58A Kiowa. The helicopter would perform well for the military and models C and D would be flown by the U.S. military into the new century. Sales of the OH-58A/C and D to foreign nations would include to Australia, Austria, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, friar preacher Republic, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (Kiowa, 2016). But for Bell, the 206 would provide a tangent that would enter the company into a new era the domination of the civilian helicopter market. The Bell 206 Jet Ranger would become the worlds most utilized light helicopter. It would continue in production from the 1960s until 2010 when Bell delivered its last B206BIII Jet Ranger having built over 8,400 aircraft. The Jet Ranger continues to be the safest single engine aircraft ever built, with the lowest accident rate of any aircraft, located or rotary wing (Huber, 2010).Mergers and VenturesIn 1952 the comp any began its first adjunction foreign venture with Agusta of Italy, whom it gave permission for the licensing of the popular Bell 47. Production on several versions and models would continue for over a half century with Agusta make Model 47s, 48s, and the Huey, model 204. (Agusta, 2017). The Bell-Agusta relationship would continue into the tilt rotor house and in 1998 the Bell Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC) would be formed to produce a civilian version of the tilt rotor vertical takeoff and landing aircraft designated the BA609. The collaboration was dissolved when Agusta merged with another European company, Westland in 2011 and the new company was named the Agusta Westland Tilt Rotor Company.Agusta was just one of the joint ventures Bell Helicopter Company would enter into. During the World War II, Bell would gather with Boeing in production of the B-29 bomber, and from 1984 until 2000, would join in an alliance with Fuji of Japan to product that countries model 209 (AH-1) a ttack helicopter. In 1960 Bell Aircraft corporation was grease ones palms and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Textron Corporation. This provided the financial umbrella for Bell to increase its long-term research and development involving helicopters and other specialty projects (Gale, 2006). more recently, in 2000, Bell Helicopters and Air Methods entered into a strategic alliance that pass on produce medical transport helicopter interiors for the Bell helicopters that service the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) industry.To the Future and Beyond Bell Helicopters maintains the point required for creating rotorcraft to suite all the customer needs for the near and far future. From small to large, and with the capabilities to fulfill the roles that customers worldwide will pauperism, Bell Helicopters will continue to provide quality products at marketable prices. Under development are the Bell 505 Jet Ranger X, the Bell 525 Relentless, the VTOL V280 Valor. The Be ll 505 is a five-place light helicopter that will fill a void in the Bell production line. The light helicopter category is the fastest growing of all the categories and the 505X is well suited to make the most of the needs of the consumers. The 525 Relentless will provide the super-medium helicopter clients with the performance and styling necessary to support a mix of customer needs, from oil industry transport, to medical services, to ultra-luxury transport. The VTOL V280 Valor will provide the enriched capability of vertical takeoff and landing and enhance the advantages of high speed deployment for the military sector. These aircraft, and the service and support that accompanies them, will cultivate the companys future endeavors for decades to come.Challenges and TrialsThe demand for helicopter sales, like all aircraft, are cyclical and difficult to ring and forecast. These swings in demand for new helicopters, and the accompanying services, could have significantly varying d egrees of success or be unanticipatedly less than prediction models for the future sales. As Bell Helicopters world-wide military sales and post-sales service are a significant part of its revenue base, at 59 percent in 2015 (Textron, 2016), congressional appropriations, international priorities for defense spending, and instability in global events can have a significant effect on the helicopter market. Changes in political regulations on the export of military hardware and services to certain countries also has an impact on the ability of Bell Helicopters to maintain its production predictions. noncombatant markets are just as unpredictable with factors relating to usage and economic stability. As industries reach a financial drip in production and operations, as recently in the oil and gas industry, who utilize helicopters extensively, demand for newer or replacement helicopters is shelved or new orders temporarily halted until operations have increased.As Bell Helicopters are m arketed in U.S. dollars, any volatility in the give-and-take rates for foreign nations currencies, or fluctuations in foreign economic or political stability can have a detrimental effect on sales revenues and the ability to operate for post-sales service.New foreign regulations and laws concerning environmental protection, and those relating to climate change, are impacting the cost of product design and manufacturing and could affect the ability of Bell to operate in certain localities. The restriction of the operation of helicopters referable to noise and emissions contributions in specified areas will have an impact on the requirement for new and existing products in countries with restraining regulations. Bell continues to develop and design quieter and environmentally friendlier products for inclusion into restrictive markets.The International PartnershipsBell Helicopters partners with over 50 global companies to provide the service and support for its worldwide customers. W ith logistical affix and service centers in Amsterdam, Prague, Canada, and Singapore, Bell Helicopters has a world-wide presence necessary to give customers responsive and accurate support. The Prague center is a state-of-the-art customization and delivery service center that upgrades the helicopter interiors of Bells customers to fit their individual needs. In Amsterdam, Bell Helicopters provides regional distribution and support for over 200 customers, in 55 countries pass on across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Since 1974, the facility at Schipol, has been serving the European residential area by increasing the customer service capabilities. In Singapore, in summing up to the marketing and service support provided to the military and civilian helicopter loony toons industry of Asia, Bell Helicopters has opened a training academy for regulatory maintenance classes with theory and practical training (Gale, 2016). Bells largest manufacturing outside of the U.S. is conduc ted at Maribel, Canada. In 2016, Bell announced their plans for Mirabel to be the location for the final assembly of the new Bell 505X. Quoting Bell CEO, Mitch Snyder Our operations in Canada have been, and will continue to be, a vital part of our commercial growth strategy and Maribel will remain a cornerstone of our global production, RD, engineering, and certification activities.The LandingBell Helicopters continues to be a formidable force for the future of vertical lift. By maintaining production cost controls at or below governmental undertake rates and providing on-time delivery of products, Bell Helicopters maintains a leadership in the military procurement of contracts throughout the world. In the civilian side, the innovations of leading edge technologies, and providing salient(ip) support for the entire life cycle of their products, will allow Bell to grow their market share. Civilian tilt rotor transportation is in its infancy and Bell is positioned to take full advant age of its continued growth. By focusing on new opportunities that arise and pioneering innovative ways for conflux their customers needs, Bell Helicopters will flourish and continue the vision of its founder for the future of vertical lift flight.ReferencesLips, J. (2007), Larry Bell Aviations Super Salesman, Retrieved from http//airportjournals.com/larry-bell-aviations-super-salesman-2/ take in of Lawrence Bell, Retrieved from https//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/d0/Larrybell.gifWright, T. (2011), Lieutenant Ivan Baranovskys P-39 An airacobras journey to the eastern front and back, Retrieved from http//www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/lieutenant-ivan-baranovskys-p-39-41818469/Darling, R. (2017), Bell P-39 Airacobra, Retrieved from http//www.flying-tigers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ai2-P-39-Airacobra.-American-made-and-supplied-to-the-Russians.jpgGoebel, G. (2015), The Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-63 Kingcobra, Picture Retrieved from http//www.airvectors.net/av p39.htmlB-29 Superfortress, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.boeing.com/history/products/b-29-superfortress.pageNASA-Dryden write up- Historic Aircraft X-1, (2008), Retrieved from https//www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/HistoricAircraft/X-1/index.htmlPic Chrysler Dealership, 1942, Retrieved from http//www.bellhelicopter.com/ company/history/1935-1949The History of Bell Helicopters 1935-1949, (2017) Retrieved from http//www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1935-1949Scranton, P. (2001), The Second Wave Southern industrialisation from the 1940ls to the 1970s, University of Georgia PressThe History of Bell Helicopters 1950-1959, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.bellhelicopter.com/company/history/1950-1959Agusta, A Finmeocian Company, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.helis.com/ timeline/agusta.phpThe Bell 205, (2017), Retrieved from http//www.helis.com/database/model/9/Bell AH-1 Huey Cobra, (2016), Retrieved from http//www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=13Bell OH-58 Kiowa, (2016) Retrieved from http//www.militaryfactory.com/ aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1Agusta-Bell 206A Jet Ranger History and technical description, HAB,(2011), Retrieved from http//www.heli-archive.ch/en/helicopters/in-depth-articles/agusta-bell-206a-jet-ranger/Textron Annual extend and Proxy, (2016), Retrieved from http//investor.textron.com/ investors/investor-resources/annual-report-and-proxy-materials/default.aspxGale, T. (2006), Textron Inc., Retrieved from http//www.encyclopedia.com/ social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/textron-incHuber, M. (2010), Bell Ceases Production of its 40-year old Jet Ranger, Retrieved from http//www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2010-09-21/bell-ceases-production-its-40-year-old-jetranger

China Fertilizer Industry Overview Economics Essay

mainland chinaw are plant food Industry Overview Economics EssayThe humankindwide fertiliser pray has rebounded in 2010 after attestoring a retardation in FY09 and FY08 and the rec eachplacey is anticipate to sustain till 2014 ground on the world-wide fertiliser application Association (IFA) estimates. The overall plant food demand in FY09/10 rose 3.7% to 162.5Mt as compared to 156.7Mt in FY08/09. The demand for N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorus) and K (Potassium) plant foods in FY09 surged 1.9%, 4.5% and 18% respectively primarily filmn by the Asian followed by the American markets. The overall fertiliser demand in FY10/11 is expect to accession 4.8% to 170 Mt and reach 188.3 Mt in 2014/15 driven by the economic recovery and positive(p) sylvan market conditions. The demand for the N, P and K fertilizers are expected to increase 1.9%, 4.5% and 18%, respectively In FY10/11. consultation IFA, RODM interrogation chinawareware fertilizer industry overview chinaware is the colossalst consumer and producer of fertilizers in the world, contributing 31.4% and 29.1% of the global consumption and turnout respectively in FY07 based on the transnational fertilizer association statistics. harmonise to china statistical year book, the soil s fertilizer consumption in FY08 rose 2.6% to 52.4Mt as compared to 51.1mt in 2007 and grew at a CAGR of 3% for the dot 2000-2008. This was mainly due to universe increase in china, growth in coalesce fertilizers and change magnitude issue of essential agriculture. Henan is the study consumer for fertilizers that accounts 11.5% of hit consumption of fertilizer in china followed by the Shandong, Jiangsu and Hubei which contributed 9.1%, 6.5% and 6.3% of overall fertilizer consumption in FY08.Source China statistical yearbook, RODM researchCompound fertilizer industry in chinaCompound fertilizer comprises of at least two nutrients among nitrogen, phosphorus and super C and includes both perfect and inorga nic fertilizers. Based on the china statistical year book, the consumption of step up fertilizer industry take aim enceinte at a CAGR of 6.9% as compared to the 0.3%, 1.3% and 4.7% of Nitrogenous, Phosphate and potassium fertilizers respectively over a period of 1998-2008, indicating the increasing adoption of chemical compound fertilizers by furthermers as compared to the straight fertilizers. Based on PRlog.org, the Chinese compound market dental plate reached CNY 200 billion in FY09 and has intimately 4,500 compound fertilizer producers mainly situated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei and Sichuan etc. The output signal of Chinese compound fertilizers reached around 50 million tons in FY09. The compound fertilizer effect industry increase 39% to CNY 23.60 billion in FY09 as compared to FY08.However, compound fertilizer consumption still accounts for slight than 30% of the list consumption, which is far beneath the 50-80% average in developed countries. This is due to the f act that compound fertilizers are relatively untried in the Chinese market and farmers are only gradually adopting these over the more conventional varieties. The current fertilizer formulations has conformity degree of less than 3% and most of the producers make their formulations based on the economy and stabbing existent prices rather than soil and educate demands. However with the acclivity milieual concerns, developing Chinese farming(a) differentiation and growing demand for spirited end cash crops and organic intellectual nourishments, the farmers are imposing in risque spiritser requirements on compound fertilizers. Hence the demand for high end compound fertilizers, e specially Chinese ternary compound (3 nutrients) fertilizers is expected to drive the overall compound fertilizers growth in the coming years.Source China statistical yearbook, RODM researchOrganic Fertilizer industryWith the rising environmental concerns, declining arable land, agriculture of high end crops, administration throw for organic merchandise and demand for viridity foods, the adoption of organic fertilizer industry in China demand been gaining momentum and is expected to witness rapid growth for the upcoming years. But the organic agriculture industry in china is very low as compared to the developed countries. In 2006, organic compound fertilizer in China accounted for 27% of the total fertilizer consumption, which round half of the 50% is registered in developed countries. However, organic fertilizer consumption in the country is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 30%, according to industry sources. Also, the government has set the enhanced performance abandoned by these fertilizers which would help them to reach their goals of increasing rural farm take and income opus decreasing water pollution.According to the industry sources, the Chinese green fertilizer industry is highly break with around 2,000 manufacturers with no distinguished players i n the industry. The piddling and large regional players contribute 80% of the market contribution followed by the large regional and International players contributing 9% and 8% of the market share respectively. The small and large regional manufacturers have an exhibit of competitive prices and knowledge of local anaesthetic markets as compared to the International markets. On the flip side, the international manufacturers produce high prime(a) products, good research and development capabilities and players with good financials can mature regional players in a bid to sustain growth and increase their market share. The large national manufacturers have a competitive edge over the small and large regional manufacturers as well as international players in terms of their brand presence and wide distribution network along with providing quality products at competitive prices and having good dread over the markets. To keep in line with the growth and economic conditions, the gre en fertilizer industry in china is expected to witness integrating in the near future.Growth drivers for Organic fertilizer industry wage hike environmental concernsChinese agriculture has been growing rapidly on a limited area with heavy inputs of fertilizers since 1980s. The rates of fertilizers adopted in virtually regions of china are extremely high as compared to the developed countries analogous North America and Europe. The worldwide average fertilizer consumption per hectare in 1997 was 94 kilograms while US average was 111 kg per hectare. But china exceeded both world average and US average and use 271 kg of fertilizer per hectare of cultivated land, based on the industry sources (hafengevergreen.com).According to the industry sources, the pH levels of the soil in 2000-2008 as against 1980s have declined 0.13 while the pH for cash crops declined on an average 0.3. Since china feeds around 22% of the world s population with just 10% of arable land, protecting china s poll uted and artificially fertilized soil remains a major concern to the government. Moreover, the population in china is expected to increase to 800 900 million by 2020, based on the Beijing International Institute for urban center Development which would decrease the arable area for cultivation. Hence decreasing china s arable land and the need to increase the crop product for municipal consumption have led the farmers to adopt high quality fertilizer products. Also with increasing environmental concerns, the government has been load-bearing(a) the issue of organic agriculture for trade and domestic consumption. Accordingly, the demand for the organic fertilizers have been growing as they increase organic matter content in the soil along with the major and minor organic nutrients.Growth in greening of china s foodDuring the determination few years, the demand for the green foods have been increasing on the back of growing concerns of environment and rising disposable income in china. Based on the industry sources, the cultivation of green food has increased from 2.14 million hectares to 10 million hectares while the output surged from 6.3 to 72 million tons over a period of 1997 to 2007.Also based on the Ministry of Agriculture 90% of China s agricultural merchandiseations are eco-food, i.e. either Hazard Free, Green or Organic foods. The merchandise value increased to US$2 Billion in 2006 from $70 Million in 1997. But china s exports have accounted less than 1% of the global organic market and .08% of the locally sold organic market. Although high production costs and prices has been limiting the usage of organic fertilizers in the domestic market, we believe that the government initiatives in the form of subsidies, recent food safety scandals, growing demand for reliable and healthy food in the domestic and international market, pollution concerns and rising disposable income would strongly drive the green fertilizer industry in the near future. The government has been encouraging both exports and imports of organic products and expects to achieve 10% of the organic crop production by 2010.Growth in green food over a decadeSource John Paull, Australian National University, RODM researchdecrease arable area for cultivationChina is the largest agriculture producer in the world with only 15% of the cultivated area. China need to give birth 20% of the world s population and has just 10% of the total arable land in the world. Moreover the arable land has declined at a CAGR of .4% from 133mha to 121.7mha, over the period 1988-2008. To prevent further decline, the government have set the critical mark of arable land to be keep at 120mha by 2020. According to the industry sources, the population in china is expected to increase from 47% to 75% over the next three decades which mounts the pressure of producing increased yield per area to feed the growing population. thence the demand for the organic fertilizers is expected to witnes s rapid growth in the compound fertilizer segment.Source China statistical yearbook, RODM researchChina policies/initiativesSubsidyThe fertilizers market play a key input for the Chinese agricultural sector and hence is one of the main sectors to be turn to by the government to achieve its food sufficiency objective. The fertilizer subsidies in China are mainly for supporting the development of China s agriculture and food security. Hence we believe that most of the gift policies office be continued for the short term. The comprehensive subsidy on burn down and fertilizer for food grain farmers in 2007 surged 120 % to $3.6 billion (RMB 27.6 billion) as compared to the last year. This program was started to partially compensate farmers for price increases in fuel, fertilizer, and other agricultural inputs in 2006. Based on the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the comprehensive subsidy reached at an average of about U.S. $14.5 per farm household in 2007 and the fuel and fertilizer subs idies are estimated to reach RMB 72.01 billion by 2009.The Chinese government gave swan loan interests subsidy from 2004 to those qualified fertilizers distributors who hold the fertilizer storage during the pass season wherein the total volume is about 5-8million mt and the interests subsidy is about RMB300million to RMB500million($43.9 million to $73.3 million ) every(prenominal) year. Also the government gave a direct subsidy of RMB speed of light/mt to both domestic and trade DAP which was around 6.7million mt and about RMB670million subsidy in 2004.The government gave an electricity subsidy for small and large nitrogen fertilizer producers in December 2003 which is around RMB6.3 billion every year. Also the transportation of fertilizer has been subsidized by RMB5.0 billion every year.TariffsThe MOF and NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission) have jointly announced the Notification of Fertilizer Price Formation Mechanism Reform on January 24, 2009. The main bluepri nt of this notification isRemoval of current tariff restriction on domestic fertilizer pricesRemoval of fertilizer price restrictionsImplementing preferential policies for fertilizer productionApplying measures through import and export regulation, reserve control and transportation parameters to take note the fertilizer marketTo improve agricultural subsidies for the industryIncrease monitoring, supervision, and reexamination on market pricingTo make efforts on program constitution and implementationThe State Council Tariff Committee had compel a 100 % special export affair on fertilizer and related material exports during April 20 and September 30, 2008 which affected 32 tariff lines including phosphoric hot, ammonia, nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and compound fertilizer. Based on MOF, the runaway in exports were due to strain in domestic turn in which lead to surge in price as demand began to decrease due to spring planting. Hence the tariff was increased so as to control t he rising prices along with providing plentiful grain harvest for the year. China has evolved from being a net importer of phosphate fertilizer to being a net exporter over the last decade and has been instantly affected the US phosphate fertilizer industry as it used to supply 95% of China s phosphate imports.Pricing make out in chinaChinese fertilizer prices have witnessed heavy excitability over the last decade mainly due to uneven production levels in fertilizers, the government s need to keep sufficient production to meet domestic market demand and rising international fertilizer prices. According to USDA, the market price for nitrogen fertilizer surged from $280 to $405/MT during 2007 and reached a high of $452 during April 2008. This was mainly due to imbalance between low supply and rising demand on the world market. Also the tariff restrictions imposed on Chinese fertilizer producers and the demand for fertilizers to produce biofuels in the linked States, Brazil, and Eur ope has led to the increase in price. However due to the slowdown in the world economy and reluctance of Chinese farmers to pay high prices which were two to three times higher than the prices of early 2007, the price for fertilizer fell drastically to $247 at the end of 2008.VAT policiesThe NPK compound fertilizers, MAP, carbamide and DAP have been on a VAT holiday from 1994 January 1, 1998 July 01, 2005 and January 1, 2008 respectively. China had stop importing urea from 1997 and the government has given 50%-100% VAT yield to the urea exporters before March, 2004. The government stopped the tax refund insurance policy and began to impose export tax to urea and DAP from March 16, 2004. Prior to 2002, the government has given VAT holiday policy to imported phosphoric acid for supporting the players like Sino-Arab Chemical Fertilizer Co. Ltd who were consuming imported PA for phosphate compound fertilizers production. The government gave VAT holiday policy for imported sulfur from May 20, 2008 and most of the imported fertilizers and related raw materials were given very low import custom taxes which are all below 4%.Export/Import initiatives for fertilizersChinese government set new policies on the exported fertilizers during Nov. 14, 2008.To set export base price for the off-season and to reduce the export tariff from 125%185% to 10%110% till December 31, 2009The export tariff for Urea, MAP and DAP would be 110% (35% basic+75% special) during mid-season and 10% during off-season since December 1, 2008The base prices for DAP, MAP and Urea are RMB4000/mt RMB3700/mt and RMB2300/mt respectivelyDuring the off-season, if Urea, DAP and MAP prices are lower than the base prices, the export tariff would be 10%, otherwise the export tariff would be calculated by the formula (1.1-base price/export price) 100)Source IFA, RODM researchThe customs tariff committee of China have cancelled the special export tariffs (50-75%) in Jun-09 on 27 products, that include phosphate thrill (apatite), yellow phosphorus, synthetic ammonia, phosphoric acid, ammonium chloride, triple superphosphate (TSP), sodium nitrate and double nutrients to help local fertilizer manufacturers clear excess armory build-up.Import Tariff Rate QuotaProducts Quota level (000 metric tons) In-quota imports (000 metric tons) State-trading share (%) In-quota MFN tariff rate (%) Out-of-quota MFN tariff rate (%)Urea 3,300 90 4 50NPK 3,450 65 4 50Diammonium phosphate 6,900 65 4 50Source USTR, RODM ResearchThe Chinese government controls exports of major raw material inputs for fertilizers like coking coal which provides competitive edge to Chinese manufacturers and exporters over the foreign manufacturers and exporters in the chemical fertilizer industries. The price of coke in China was around $472/mt, while the global price of coke was $740/mt. Although China produces 336mmt of coke, contributing 60% of the global production, it has an export quota of only 12mmt and an export duty of 40%.

Hip Hops Effect On Youth In Lagos

pelvic girdle skims Effect On Youth In LagosMusic is the art of organizing tones in a coherent sequenceso as to produce a unified and continual composition. Vocal or instru custodytal sounds possessing rhythm, melody, and harmony.The Ameri stern Heritold age dictionary. Music is a kind of counting performed by the mind without knowing that it is counting, The Monadology (1714) A manner of employing the mind without the labour of thinking at all.Samuel Johnson, quoted by Bos nearly, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides(1785). Music is work.John Cage, Empty Words (1980)A piece of unison is exactly a chunk of time you argon paying attention to withyour ears.Barney Childs, quote in Ewen, American Composers (1982)According to Tafui ,Hip Hop is a cultural act expressed through the traditional elements of deejaying , emceeing, various forms of dance (breaking, popping, locking) and writing (graffiti art). As a culture, pelvic arch skitter represents different aspects of culture as well such as language, style of dress, politics. Marcus.PHip skip over is life.marcus parker. Hip hop medicament is a culture which break jump ,graffiti writing , DJing, calamityping apprisal and fashion is used as a means to express granting immunity from oppressive tender conditions. Hip hop medication was formed from benignant transcendence as a result of the creative instinct by African Americans as a result of social oppression on the African American, Latin American and afro Caribbean 1970s communities in New York urban center. A famous DJ at the time DJAfrika Bambaataa defined that defined the five pillars of renal pelvis hop culture MCing, DJing, breaking, graffiti writing, and knowledge. Other elements include circle boxing, hip to(predicate) hop fashion, and slang. Since first Since first emerging in the Bronx, the life-style of hip hop culture has spread around the world. Robert M, Sr.When hip hop euphony began to emerge, it was based around disc jock eys who earnd rhythmic beat out by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on dickens turntables, which is now more(prenominal) commonly referred to as sampling. This was former(a)r accompanied by rapping and beat boxing. Garofalo.R. An original style of leaping and particular styles of dress arose among following of this new music. These elements experienced considerable refinement and development over the line of credit of the history of the cultureRobert M, Sr.One of these refinements was the birth of Gangsta rap.According to Marcus.P Gangsta rap is a persona of hip hop which focuses in general on the negative aspects of inner city life. The lyrics practi environy glorify criminal activity and degrade women. This genre of tap has been a source of tremendous controversy and is often cited as the elbow grease of the increase in violence. This is particularly true amongst black youth. According to federal statistics cited by the Charlott esville Daily Progress, homicide is the leading cause of death for black men between the ages of 15 and 34.Many gangsta blame artists reasonableify their music by claiming they be only retelling the experiences of their lives on the streets. However, close analysis of the song lyrics often reveals a plethora of curse words and no substance. According to commentators such as those found on Urban Dictionary.com, many artists bring been forced to create artificial gangsta images for the sake of a lucrative c atomic number 18er. Many young pile idolize these artists and imitate their behavior. Joanna White-Oldham.This ongoing fever for hip hop music amongst the youth began to spread over the globe to other countries like China, Canada, and the linked kindom and other parts of Africa.Hip hop music arrived in Cuba via radio set and TV broadcasts from Miami. During the 1980s hip hop culture in Cuba was mainly centred around breakdancing Fairley J .Initially hip hop was criticized no t scantily by the government, but by many in the community as well. With raperos emulating US rappers aggressive posturing and lyrical content, hip hop was seen as just another(prenominal) cultural invasion from the US, bringing with it the violence and problems of the ghettos. Fairley J. Cuban rappers attacked social and political issues concerning Cuba such as racism, class struggles and police harassment etcetera But as pressure for commercial success increases, many of the rat roots artists do not under stem the recent change of rapping rough partying, cars, and women . Pacini.H, Deborah and Garofalo.R . blame in the United States started out as a phonation of protest, an alternative voice for urban, inner-city youth to voice their grievances, to blether round their animateness conditions, their hopes and aspirations, said Abiodun, a shargon of the Black Liberation Party earlier fleeing to Cuba 14 years ago as a U.S. fugitive lining racketeering charges. Nancy D.But now what we see in terms of rap in the United States, for the most part, its trustworthyly not talking about anything. Also according to Baker, Geoffrey 2005,many criticize the objectification of females in the dancing and in videos. several(prenominal) see it as dominant if the women dance in front of the men in a doggy style position, but critics see it as a carriage of letting the male take initial conquer over the female. Also many argue that the females in those music videos are objectifying themselves to seem lower than men. Wunderlich, Annelise 2006 . According to B.Geoffrey Music videos are becoming more explicit. To gain a following of their music, Cuban hip hop artists are continuously using provocatively dressed females. This sexual image in their videos is taking away from the audiences ability to actually listen to the lyrics and understand them. The lyrics beingness addressed recently by Cuban hip hop artists stand as a rebellion against the many downfalls, such as privation and racism, that their nation is currently fighting Baker, Geoffrey.Sexually-charged dancing (like grinding and doggy style) often associated with hip-hop, are not the only things criticized. In recent years, Hip-hop has merged with Cuban culture to the point it can be heard in parades, school dances, and friendships. This has given rise to the problem of children, 16 or younger, hearing and singing the lyrics found in Cuban hip-hopwhich often stick character to sexual activities. Baker, Geoffrey. 2006.According to Chris Kehinde Nwandu , Hip hop in Nigeria dates back to the late eighties and early nineties. Groups and solo artists during that period include the likes of Junior Pretty, Daniel ,Danny Wilson , Plantashun Boyz , Remedies with members Eedris Abdulkareem , course Remedy Tony Tetuila.It is estimated that 80-percent of urban youth can be reached through Hip-Hop, which encompasses rap, graffiti, dancing and fashionThe late 90s and the 2000s saw a pecu liar increase of artists and groups like Eldee da Don of Freestyle , Ikechuku, JJC and the 419 squad , Dbanj and P-Square became a part of mainstream Nigerian music later on the collapse of pop trends like Yo-pop . The availability of computers and cheap music redact software in the late 1990s and the 2000s enabled Nigerian musicians to achieve high quality recordings, which quickly won over the Nigerian audience. As Nigerias Nollywood movies have done to westerly movies, Nigerian hip hop has begun to displace Western popular music. Nwandu k. As the Great Music Debate (launched by The guardianLIFE in the aftermath of the wide and wild debate generated by the article, A Nations indistinguishability Crisis of renowned columnist and public commentator, Dr Reuben Abati in his column, CrossRoads in The Guardian on Sunday, June 21), enters its third week, some(prenominal) Nigerian artistes have expressed their feel on the lyrical contents of Nigerian hip-hop songs. Though with seve ral(predicate) responses, yet, a good number of them contend that despite the fame and wealth that some of the artistes have been amassing through their works, many of the songs ruling the airwaves or the public delight circuit, are deficient in quality lyrics and have have subaltern or no lesson for the listeners. Chris Kehinde Nwandu.The GuardianLIFE sent email and sms messages to a collection of the artistes including Djinee, Ruggedman, take for granted Art Alade, TY Bello, NoMoreLoss, J.Martins, IlBliss, Ashioye Ugbo, PSquare, Timi Dakolo, Keffee among others. Out of the list of about 20, however, only a hardly a(prenominal) responded and their views were recorded as followsPopularly known for his song, No Vernacular, Lagos Jump, Omo Wale among others, the dreadlocks-wearing half-German quizzes, how can you have fuel shortage, bad roads, Niger Delta crisis, children being accused of sorcery in the South-South, Haliburton scandals and you are busy talking Moet, girls and blin gz? BY CHUKS NWANNE. According the new talk of the town, Bracket , The lyrics of Nigerian musicians are in reality is more real than fiction because they reflect the day to day experience of the artistes.I, Lara George, an ex member of the famous KUSH states, Our lyrics as Nigerian musicians need to be improved upon and not destroyed. Instead of looking for monetary satisfaction that could be destructive and past building NGOs to fix the damage done we need to use our music to leave a legacy that will help improve the way we are viewed by the rest of the world.Lara, who is no doubt one of the outflank female vocalists in the country for now, adds, We need to perpetuate solid determine in our own environment and grow the psyche of the man on the street in a positive way. She won the Best egg-producing(prenominal) Vocalist at the Nigerian Music Award in Owerri, Imo State. Her songs such as Ijoba Orun, Rest Of My Life and others made noticeable impact in the music jibe. CHUKS NWA NNE.In an atempt to defend todays music Etcetera Ejikeme said At moment, you can broadly classify Nigerian artistes into two what Ill call the mainstream and the alternative. For most of the mainstream artistes, lyrics are the last thing on their minds basically they just want to pee anything that the youth can dance to. The only take exception is that we all dont dance 24/7. So, its within those quiet moments, when you reflect on the lyrics of a song youve been dancing to for months that you suddenly realise how totally jab and sometimes senseless it is. Ectcetera also added on the Babaekos Xtreme Music that For the alternative youth, these are serious musicians, who understand that a lot of artsmanship must go into making a piece of music. They generally have more backbreaking lyrics that grab the imagination of the listeners.The good news however is that the Nigerian music listeners are very sophisticated they are beginning to ask probe questions, demanding for quality mus ic. This is the point where real musicians will be separated from charlatans. both the way from the US, Emma Agu, one of the founding members of Performing Musicians Employers Association of Nigeria, PMAN, acknowledged the speedy growth of the countrys music industry, but faulted the lyrics of some of the artistes. Chris Kehinde Nwandu. There is a remarkable improvement in the audio and video presentation, but the industry cool off has a long way to go, when it comes to the lyrical contents of the vibes legal age of these boys are churning out. Did you hear Tu-Faces Its time to have sex? I think that was disgusting Time and time again, I try to make out what some of these hip-pop guys are saying I barely could ginger nut a word out of their vibes. Most of their lyrics do not make sense.BY CHUKS NWANNEDays are gone when you go to a nite bludgeons and dance to American beats from dusk till dawn without complaining. Those days of Shaba Ranks, Patra, Buster Rhymes, Chakademus Plie rs, 2Pac, Shagy these artist ruled the countrys music industry for long, and we had no option than to love them. No option Those days, it was like a taboo to play a Nigerian song or video on air. A radio rate was make up so audacious as to decree that no Nigerian music except Fela will grace its air.CHUKS NWANNE . Nowadays things have changed as the Nigerian music is being heard more than even the exotic ones. The Nigerian acts have grown so big that even the strange musician coolaborate with them to to make new music. Hip-hop has also plow an legal tool to communicate with youth under siege, using the language they understand. fond consciousness hip-hop workers have used the microphone and their message to spill the beans to the youth about crime, drugs and have conducted workshops in town halls addressing the youth about the dangers of dangerous living.Marcus P.But critically studied, much of the music coming from the artistes these days, curiously the male folks, is shal low and meaningless in lyrical content, beats and composition. If the singers are not rasping about sex or some other lewd subjects it will be about how many women they have ranked or dated or jilted or about 419 and relate issues or what they call beefing (abusing perceived enemies). Once an artiste sings about money, everybody follows. Then another sings about sex, and the rest will file in. The beefing has in fact become an industry, much in the light of the eighies rash of abusive songs by the fuji musicians, who now in their late 60s and burnished with the wisdom that comes with old age (?) must be regretting those dirty words they were trading with their opponents on the scene then. Kuti.S .The President of Professional Musicians Association of Nigeria, Agu admits however, I hear good music from Nigeria well produced music, beautiful vocals with good melody, fantastic bass line, distinct hook drum, hi-hat and trebling kicks, good harmony, nicely mixed and mastered, but ly rically empty.Hip-hop has gone beyond being just about music, but has actually become a brand, a lifestyle and an urban culture that almost everybody aspires to be associated with even big corporate. It is on this note that inevitably the rapper is now more than a musician but has become an entrepreneur that utilizes his or her craft to sell global brands of big corporations. Rappers are trendsetters where they lead others follow. They can revitalize a luxury brand by making it seem untried and individualistic.It is estimated that 80-percent of urban youth in lagos can be reached through Hip-Hop, which encompasses rap, graffiti, dancing and fashion The Guardian Life magazine. According to Murray Forman, professor of media studies at northeast University in Boston. To say there is no influence and no picture by hip hop music is nave..REFRENCEBasu.D , Sidney J, Wunderlich, (2006) Cuban Hip-hop reservation Space for New Voices of Dissent. In The Vinyl Aint Final Hip Hop and the Gl obalization of Black Popular Culture capital of the United Kingdom Ann Arbor, MI infernal region Press,Pacini.H, Deborah and Garofalo.R, 2004.The emergence of Rap Cubano An historical perspective. .BurlingtonVt. Ashgate press.Wunderlich, Annelise Cuban Hip-hop Making Space for New Voices of Dissent, The Vinyl Aint Final Hip Hop a2006 Pluto Press Basu, D and Lemelle.S 2006 ,the Globalization of Black Popular Culture London Pluto Pres page 168.Pacini.H, Deborah and Garofalo.R. 2004. The emergence of rap Cubano An historicalperspective. In Music, Space, and Place, Ashgate, .pressWEBSITEShttp//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCHYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1pg=PA276HYPERLINK http//books.googl e.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1lpg=PA276HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubaHYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1source=we bHYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1ots=y44TtRgw_4HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1HYPERLINK http//books.google.com/books?id=KrVuuaB4jAQCpg=PA276lpg=PA276dq=club+la+mona+hip+hop+cubasource=webots=y44TtRgw_4sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1sig=8qLyLDLPRCkK40e1ujf_-zseA2wPPA277,M1 22nd November 2009http//archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/hln.hot.hit.cuban.hip.hop.htm 23rd November 2009https//moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/baker-hip-hop-revolucion.pdf 22 nd November 2009http//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/04/entertainment/main647330.shtml 22 nd Nov ember 2009CNN.com Cuban hip-hop The rebellion within the revolution Nov. 25, 2002 20th November 2009http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop 23 rd November 2009http//www.africanhiphop.com/africanhiphopradio/naija-nigerian-80s-rap-on-vinyl/ 23 rd November 2009http//theguardianlifemagazine.blogspot.com/2009/08/great-music-debate-3-hip-hop-in-eyes-of.html 23 rd November 2009http//daniellamaison.blogspot.com/ 23rd November 2009http//www.naijajams.com/thoughts-on-the-nigerian-hip-hop-scene-part-1 23rd November 2009http//allafrica.com/stories/200911270165.html 25th November 2009http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_26_98/ai_68018839/ 25th November 2009http//fulbright.mtvu.com/melissaadams/2009/11/13/why-hip-hop/ 24th November 2009http//www.city-journal.org/html/13_3_how_hip_hop.html 24th November 2009https//www.youthmesh.org/wiki/index.php/Nigeria 24th November 2009http//www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=110966339114 23rd November 2009

Story Titled The Kidnapping English Literature Essay

Story Titled The Kidnapping English literature EssayIt was a wonderful morning. There were bees buzzing placeside the gram and birds chirping while looking for food on the paths. Across the street, Old Misses heather as usual was taking her pet, sniffles for a walk. She was a mately of age(predicate) lady where everyone was fond of her and even c every last(predicate)ed her an amiable person. Most of the neighbourhood leave behind seek her to baby sit their children as she was very fond of kids. with the window of my bedroom, I apparently could observe my neighbours mornings duties. Some people mourn in their mornings because of their boring life, selfsame(prenominal) old routine and extra duties. unexampled children maintain on their buses waving goodbyes to their parents with their lunch pack in their hands.Those guileless days of mine had passed. I am a fully self-aggrandising up as a 20 year old stripling in my own opinion exclusively my amaze s coin banks call m e her lower-ranking sweetie. She was the only relative I permit with my younger brother, Stanley after my military chaplain passed away in a political machine accident when I was 12 age old. I was matured enough to know that he will never come back to us again. I heard it was a homicide but the murderer was never revealed. My mother had a rough conviction when my soda water passed away. She was very stress and uptight with her being a integrity parent and helping to run errands, taking condole with of us, and attending interrogations in the police department. We could barely make ends meet for 5 years. Now my mother got a steady job as a clerk in a lawyers firm. Busy but well paid I assume because she never complained. We were under the familys protection programme for a year as being ordered by the chief police. He proclaimed that we king be attacked for some sort of reason. My mum found it ridiculous. After years of searching my dads killer, we finally point it at res t. My mom thought it was for the dress hat for us that we should stop howling on the past.I cat on my snickers and ran downstairs. The smell of umber and peanut butter ran across my nose. I spring a few step of stairs forward to reach the coldcock in my living room. My mom was holding a cup of coffee in her hands while speaking on the speech sound huskily. I never talked about her work at a lawyers firm because I assumed it was boring. She gave me a look while pointing to the food on the remit to indicate that I should be having my breakfast. I gave a smirk because I was on a diet. As I was a cheerleader, it is essential to economize fitness. My brother on the hand was playing with his food in his field of cornflakes. He was still a little boy who needs me to appreciation in straight but I love him. Even though he does get on my nerves, I will still railway care for him. I walked towards him and kissed his lead and grab bits of cornflakes from his bowl and he started yelli ng. I enjoyed it because it gave me the intellect of home.I grabbed my school bag and wave to my mom. It was 6.45am and I had to hurry of to school. forthwith is a big day because we are going to recruit invigorated members for our cheerleading group. It was junior year recruitment and everyone was talking about it. It was time for us seniors to retire. I was walking beside the road paths when I remembered that I needed to erupt my knowlace which represents sister hood among the cheerleader members. The road was clear and it was simmer down. Everyone must have bygone to work by now. I digged the necklace from my bag and put it round my neck. It was 2 kilometres away from my house already.Out of a sudden, I heard a screeching sound of a car from behind. It was zooming fast behind me. It was a abusive mustang. Before I could avoid it, it stopped in a sudden manner and was forced into the car buy devil man. I shouted but was helpless. Two of them were white and wore sporty cl othes. Both of them looked care mafias. I was covered with a cloth on my rima oris and I felt so weak. I tried and true to struggle but the chlorofoam was to a fault intense. It seem to seep into my nostrils and mouth. It made me awedly drowsy. It was already taking reception on my nerves and my brain. I fell to a deep balance after smelling the chluorofoam from the cloth. All I could felt was the car pitiable fast forward and a tight grab from the kidnapper in the car.After two hours of deep sleep, I woke up. My heart was pumping really fast. I felt deadly cold. I knew it was probably the end of my life. I saw myself tied up to a chair. I couldnt move my body nevertheless my head. My mouth was sticked with a strong hold Sellotape. I wanted to emit but I couldnt. Tears started to run down my face. I tried to keep calm. God is all I could count on. I looked at my surroundings. It seems to be a run down service department. There were lots of car irradiations which I dont know their functions. I see bottles of kerosene and some car parts. Windows were high up on the ceiling. The wooden floor reeds and I was first to panic. I heard laughs from outside the garage. It had two distinct voices. The door of the garage opened. One man in his mid 30s walked in with a vicious smile. There were scars on his lips. He was wearing white pants and black shirts with French writing. He was speaking French with his friend followed behind him. His friend was compacter and looked timid. He had bristle hair. They were speaking French, thinking that I would non deduce a word. It was clear and they wanted to decide ways to torture me.I wanted to get up and mail so desperately but it was impossible. My hands were tied and it hurts. The brutal kat took a chair and sit in front line of me. He looked like a savage computerized axial tomography who would do anything for power. He had nothing but fiery eyes. He looked at me coldly and said Nicole, we both know that you cant run till you give us the separate. We watched you and your family every single day. We knew your dad. You dont even have a single clue that killed your so called heroic dad.My face changed. The thought of my dad suddenly flashed in my mind. They must have knew something and hid away from us. I was unfounded and puzzled. Your dad was a brilliant guy. He invented a chip that was assailable to conquer the world. It had important information of nuclear weapons which will cause capacious destructions to the world. He was going to give the chip to the alias Cooperation. We could not have that happen. We offered millions of US dollars to get the chip from your dad. He was making the wrong finis and the biggest mistake of his life. He was a fool to reject us. One day, he was driving home from work Bom , we caught him, living him dead. He thinks he cannot get away easily, but with Zachariah around, he cannot even hide.My eyes were blurry. I was so mad that they took away my dead f or a small chip. I wanted to hear no more. All those years without my dad were a arrive darkness to my family. I felt so sad that I accept that they will end me too because I missed my dad so much. The guy went on laughing. He gave me the feeling that my world will be haunted by him. He came near me and looked into my eyes and told me I come apart get the chip for them or I will share the same fate as my dad. I did know anything about the chip and I didnt know my dad could invent the chip. I told them. The timid guy grabs my neck and whispered in my ear while saying give us the chip and we will let you loose.The sellotape was taken off from my mouth and I started to scream. One of them put a knife on my throat and stuffed my mouth with a cloth. He threatened me that he will cartroad my throat if I made noises. In a second, another guy enters the garage. This time was a completely different guy. He is dressed all white and a golden watch on his wrist. He was escorted by two of hi s body guards dressed in dark suits. He seems to be the boss around here because there was completely silence. He was around his mid 50s with the wrinkles on his face and his body build. He ordered the two guys around me to stop hurting me. He sat in front of me smoking a cigar and told me to calm down. He took a phone and dialled add up and told me to tell my mom to bring the chip over. He put the phone at my ear. When I heard my mom on the phone, she was crying and knew that I was being kidnapped by assuming that I didnt attend school. I told her to mark the chip. Before I could continue my sentence, the guy took the phone and ordered my mom to get the chip within 48 hours. Then he put down the phone. There was complete silence. His assistance seems to have fear towards him. He walked around me and gave me a devils smile. I closed my eyes and comfort myself that it is exclusively a nightmare.The man said This is not a dream, Nicole You better entrust your mom finds the chip wi thin 48 hours and hand it over to us. I looked at him with disgust and told him even if we had the chip, we wont hand it to him either. He went out of the garage escorted by his two body guards. The other two guys leave with him.I was left alone in the dark. Droplets of sweat ran down my head and neck. When it was midnight, it was so cold. My nose went red and felt froze. I knew I had to escape by all means. Before I find a tool to untie the ropes, I heard chaos outside the garage. There were gunshots and I heard sirens. I had a great feeling about it and meliorate too. There were two policeman and rescue squad who barged into the garage with snipers and short guns. I saw the two bad kidnappers were lying on the terms with their hands up. The policeman untied me and pulled of the selotape on my mouth. A guy came in with my mom. I was puzzled because he was one of the body guards who escorted the accomplice salutary now. He reas authenticd me that it was safe then. My mom hugged me and was terrified with her face expressions. She fey my face and told them everything was going to be alright. The guy beside her introduced himself as Allen. He explained that he was under cover in Zachariah affiliation for years to made sure no one would lay hands on the chip and my family. He was with the Alias government. He looked at my bracelet and told me my dad put the chip in my bracelet given to me on my 8th birthday. The chip was inserting in the love heart shape attached to my bracelet. I took the bracelet and gave it to Allen. It would be better to be kept with the Alias government. He told us that the Zachariah association was a highly criminal association. They were active for years but they invariably get covered for their crime by corruption and murdering.They kept quiet for years after murdering my dad because it involved the US government and US military which was a serious crime. My mom was so confused and did not realised all those years my dad was a scien tist in the Alias government. He was a businessman all along. Allen has finally got prove to put the Zachariah association under serious criminal punishment. He thanked us for cooperation.It was an awful day which exposed all the truth about my dad. We were sent to the hospital in an ambulans escorted by the policemen and a troop of soldiers. I needed to be admitted to the hospital for several days. Even though, I was sad about the sledding of my dad, but I was proud of him serving fro the country with bravery, honesty, loyalty and integrity.

Main Body Causes of shyness

Main Body Causes of startness constraint is an turned on(p) grit of smelling that affects how a person behaves around some early(a)(a)s and how they feel around themselves. It drop be identified as feeling uncomfort sufficient nervousness, self conscious, irresolute, unsafe or even bashful. It can range from feeling mild to arrest discomfort in mavin or to a greater extent beas of a persons life. wholeness might aid to meet sore mess, at operate social gatherings, devising cold c al sensations at the exertion place or speaking in public. Intense unsureness is described as social anxiety, panic perturb or social phobia (Gilbert 1). Those people who be shy oft fourth dimensions experience physical sensations much(prenominal) as feeling speechless, blushing, breathless or even shaky. They avoid doing things to avoid being noticed and usually feel unsure ab out(a) themselves and the things they do.Most scientists in the field of psychology rely that shyness is a g enetic inclination which is caused by the wiring in the brain. The implication is that if the p atomic number 18nts are shy, the offspring are bound to be shy as well. Philip Zimbardo and Bernado Carducci argue that the number of shy people seems to be on the increase (McKay 1). They say that technological advances contri howevere to this phenomenon because it avails opportunities for people to make few inter personalized actions oddly through the internet and phones.Shyness in usShyness may affect just one area of a persons life and hence it is promising that shy individuals may seem beat out when viewed by another person from outside. We have heard of actors who are timid and shy in the real life circles but when they are on stage they give a brilliant performance. You should be aware that Albert Einstein, Orville Wright and turkey cock Hanks are among the public figures known to have been/are shy. The reason shadower this is not hard to comprehend. When in the workplace we are practically effrontery a suitable role to play that legitimizes us in the eye of other and in our own eyes. The calling of the shots is not necessarily for us but actually on behalf of the company. The rejection of such a call on our behalf is far more personal. If the call was on behalf of the company, its rejection lowlys that the company leave behind take part of the failure.In a study that was published in 1975 by Zimbardo, it showed that 40 percent of the 800 respondents to the survey that he conducted were shy (McKay 1). 20 years down the line in 1995, Carducci published the results obtained from a equivalent study. The percentage of people who admitted that they considered themselves shy increased to 48 percent. Many of us consider ourselves shy. However, not all of us allow shyness to place us. majority of those who experience feelings that might bring out shyness do not give room for shyness to interfere with the desire to fall out personal and barteral obj ectives and tar runs.Dr Renee who is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist says that he is a recovering shy person as he has never been able to switch his shyness. Something comes along to catch him off guard just when he thought he had vanquished the shyness. The familiar old feelings of motiveing to run for cover, plunk down under the nearest table and hide come rushing bear out to him. However, he has look att how deal with them and they no bimestrial rule his life (Renee 1). As for me, you know those feelings where your temperature rise, the heart start to race and you feel like the substantiate has dropped to the feet? They come rushing whenever I encounter shyness. However, these feelings are no longer strong. When they come calling, they are further a blurred memory and furthest for just a short time because Ive learnt how to deal with shyness. One only needs to know where to begin in countering shyness (Renee 1).Encountering New tribe and SituationsShyness can be brough t out by unfamiliar and new moorings such as meeting strangers, lecture in front of a group of people for the first time or the first daytime in school. One is likely to feel shy peculiarly because they are not sure how they should act. The fear of not knowing what will pass away when all the eyes on the person and how others will react may bring about shyness. A person who knows what to expect is less likely to be shy. Shy people often take more time in order to get used to a change. They often favour continuing with what is familiar (Lyness 1).Effects of Shyness on Career on that point are indications by researchers that shy people begin their races late in life. Non-shy people start their careers significantly earlier. The shy people are disposed to declined promotions. They often choose careers that do not require a draw play of interpersonal relations. They are often undecided about the line of profession to pursue. Those people who are shy fancy it hard to create car eer identity at the workplace as successful and competent individuals in line with the career track (Macky 1).Self EsteemShyness especially the extreme variety leads to one becoming very nervous and having difficulty when making a conversation. This is especially if the shy person has to meet strangers who strike congeniality. When this happens, the persons self esteem suffers badly. Everybody would call for to feel comfortable in all occurrences, be talkative and be more outgoing. It is embarrassing to be embarrassing in the company of other people and one feels like they want to run and hide. When you relate talking out with pain and embarrassment, you will do all that is possible to avoid it. This is the driving force behind shy people going into loneliness. Introverts are not forced in solitude by this force but they quite prefer it that way (Jonnes 1). thorough shynessExtreme shyness can be as a result of nature or nurture. If one or both of the parents were shy, it woul d mean that the shyness is genetically passed from parents to small fryren. If the individual was an outgoing and happy when they were a child, it reflects that the nurturing of the child was probably of abusive nature (Jonnes 1). For people who are naturally quiet, the fear of talking may arise from a few bad experiences especially at the early stages of childhood. When a parent, guardian or any other adults reaction to a childs attempting to express him/herself is dismissive and angry, it is natural for such a child to shy away from trying to express themselves in the emerging as they take the experience as personal. The fact that such an circumstance may have occurred once, the tender-hearted nature is such that people play to exaggerate such incidents until they become monsters naturally (Overcoming Shyness. 1).Overcoming ShynessShy people would very much want to be like any other non-shy person in terms of lack of shyness. The origins of shyness are similar to those that cause social phobia only that social phobia is rather serious disorder. Dr Heimberg described social phobia as shyness gone wild (McKay 2). Shyness cuts those who have it from many things that life has to offer such as social moveion, family and love. He further observes that he has researched on treatments aimed at social phobia and shyness. He indicates that individuals who received a particular dose that is aimed at treating depression and cognitive-behavioral therapy showed noteworthy improvement. Those who received drug therapy relapsed but a small percentage of those who were given cognitive-behavioral therapy did.Understanding OneselfOne of the key personal approaches to overcoming shyness by the person is recognizing the meaningless perceived sights as they do not help much in escaping from the realities of life. When another person reacts negatively to a shy person, the shy person should not take it in person instead he/she should try to imagine the perspective of the ot her person. such(prenominal) perspectives might reflect the other persons attempt to cover their own inadequacies or may be they are in bad mood. Such experimental condition of the perspective may go a long way in putting the reaction in its proper context. The person should also sift to expose him/herself to social situations such as parties. They should also try to work in environments that expose them to interpersonal communication (Overcoming Shyness 1). It takes practice to overcome shyness. Shy people in most cases give themselves lesser chances to interact with others. It is not surprising as to why shy people are not as socially confident as those individuals who are outgoing. The more a person practices social behavior, the easier the interaction becomes and the more natural they tend to be for a person.Gradual ProgressTaking slow but steady step towards overcoming shyness is critical. When a shy person step back from a situation that may trigger shyness often keep the s hyness at a level which is hard to get past hence reinforcing shyness. One can develop confidence to interact by making one step towards eliminating shyness at a time. Most shy people feel awkward when a situation presents itself. They are afraid that they will feel uncomfortable and awkward (Lyness 2). This acquaintance should not let a person keep away from doing or saying what they want. Feeling awkward in some situations is perfectly chemical formula for any human being. For example, it feels awkward to ask for a first escort as you are not sure what the response will be. belongings away from asking implies that you will never get that much desired date. It is recommendable that shy people seek the advice of a professional psychologist. They should also learn how to manage their shyness.Forget Bad ExperiencesFighting to forget bad experiences is unplumbed if one is to shake-off shyness. Much more frightening feeling grows other than existence when one dwells on a bad expe rience. The more an individual thinks about a bad experience, the more powerful the feeling about it becomes. It is extra to keep on blaming oneself about a bad experience. Being avowedly to oneself is important as one cannot change the true inner self. If one has a shy style that is natural or the shyness holds one back, one might consider trying to develop a sense of ease around situations that make them nervous. Majority of shy people find that the more they practice these tactics, the easier socializing becomes. Practicing conversation, assertiveness, confident and friendly body oral communication goes a long way in helping overcome shyness, touch more enjoyment from daily experiences and build confidence (Lyness 3).Humans are not so DifferentThose who suffer from shyness should win and interiorise that other individuals are basically the same as themselves. on the whole human beings are insecure and fear embarrassment. Those who are shy should know that other people may n ot be as smart as one would think. If one has doubts or a question, there are soaring chances that somebody else is also wondering about the same thing.ConclusionShyness can range from feeling mild to moderate discomfort in one more areas of a persons life. Intense shyness is described as social anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia. Most scientists in the field of psychology believe that shyness is a genetic inclination which is caused by the wiring in the brain. Shyness can be brought out by unfamiliar and new situations such as meeting strangers, talking in front of a group of people for the first time. Majority of those who experience feelings that might bring out shyness do not give room for shyness to interfere with the desire to pursue personal and professional objectives and targets. One only needs to know where to begin in countering shyness. When a shy person steps back from a situation that may trigger shyness often keep the shyness at a level which is hard to get pas t hence reinforcing shyness. Everybody would want to feel comfortable in all situations, be talkative and be more outgoing. Letting go of bad experiences is fundamental if one is to shake-off shyness. All human beings are insecure and fear embarrassment. Those who suffer from shyness should realize and internalize that other individuals are basically the same as themselves.

Best Friend Poetry :: essays research papers

Not in that location I st ar at you across the room I see your heating reflexion I try to see the inside you hide Your feelings I try to embrace I realize as I quality at you As I just sit and stare I can see you perfectly clear But for some close youre not there I see your eyes, I see your face But yet I can not see Your agreeable inside that you had I cant see your personality I realize how much(prenominal) that you go for changed How you dont seem to care I stare at you across the room But yet you are not thereI knew some daylight it would have to end I knew crimsontually I would have to go back to calling you ace Its killing me that now that day has come If its for the best then where is this pain from I recognise thickheaded inside that this is what I had to do but its breaking my heart to move away from you Im trying my best to appear strong but its breathed when part of me says that in your arms is where I belong I cool off manage you with all my heart thats not going to change even though were apart You were my first love and my first kiss There are so many of our special times Im going to neglect All the words I ever said or wrote console hold true But for now from a distance is where Ill be loving you I think you need me as a friend to help you through because there are things I cant control that are hurting you We both have issues no one knows of neither of us had the strength to be true to our love Maybe we will be together again if it was meant to be but for now please dont break down loving me Even though Im not your girlfriend Ill still be here With a shoulder to cry on or a sympathetic ear The story of love can be faster than the blink of an eye But our story of wont love be everywhere until the day that we die Until We Meet Again Im not sure if you know or not But I really do love you a lot. You still hold a special place in my heart And you did, right from the start.

Death and Rebirth: Examinig Death Through Poetry Essay -- essays resea

Death and Rebirth Examining Death Through rimeDeath is one of the simply true constants in the universe and is the only guarantee in life. Everyone knows of remnant and everyone will experience it, but to the upkeep death is still one of lifes greatest mysteries. In some cultures death is celebrated and embraced, while in others it is feared. However it is perceived, death holds opposite meanings for different people. Through the art of poetry a writer can hand over a reader many different outlooks and maybe a founder understanding of life and death.Death is plastered. We cannot escape it, but just because it is ineluctable should we just give in to its dark embrace or should we manage against it? In the poem The Black Snake, the speaker uses vivid images to explain what happened and to designate his or her feelings about the situation. In the beginning of the poem a lightlessness ophidian in the grass darts onto a busy road and is then excise by a truck. Later a motor ist finds the dead snake and buries it in the woods. After burying the snake the motorist continues on his or her drive and reflects on what has transpired. In the first couple of lines When the black snake flashed onto the morning road, and the truck could not swerve-death, that is how it happens.(687), and from lines 13 to 15 I go steady him under the leaves and drive on, thinking about death its suddenness, its terrible weight, its certain coming.(687)...

Relationship between stories :: essays research papers

The Relationship between Stories and Their Sources close to authors social function some type of generator when writing a stratum. The source could be religious, scientific, or something else thatis inspiring to them. Even great writers such as Shakespeare hada source in which their stories came from. The source can be apply for many several(predicate) purposes. A certain author may use asource to show different parallels between two stories or to showsimilarities between events or characters. They may use thesource to demonstrate a point or to add meaning to the book. Thesource could too just be an ambiguous connection that helpscomplete the story. Whatever the authors effort for picking acertain source it seems to give the story closing andsignificance. In this class, we read many stories in which thesource deals with religion and in particular the gospels. In thispaper, I will discuss these different stories and how they relateto their religous sources. The prototypic s tory we read in class was, ?gA Visit of liberality?hby Eudora Welty. In this story, the source that is eluded to isthe Genesis story of turn and Eve. The story begins with Marian,a young campfire girl, who is on her way to an Old Ladies?f Home. Before entering the home she stops by some biting shrubs. Theoutside of the home was covered by beautiful shrubbery and thewhitewash brick construct reflected the sunlight. Yet, the insideof the home was in bad shape. It smelled musky and the linoleumon the floor was bulging up. The details Welty adds aresignificant because it shows two different worlds. The one worldMarian still sees which is beautiful like the tend of Eden andthe world she is slowly stepping into where things are notbeautiful and good. The story continues with Marian visiting twoold ladies who fought between themselves the whole sequence she wasthere. Marian did not want to be at the home and curiouslydislike visiting these two ladies. Although, the one lady wasfrie ndly to Marian she was still scared of both ladies. At theend of the visit the one lady grabs Marian?fs arm and asks her fora penny or a nickel. Marian runs from the old lady withoutlooking back. When she gets outside she grabs the apple she hidin the prickly bushes on her way into the Home. As she jumpedonto the bus Marian took a big bite of the apple. This is themost significant part of the story because it shows how Marianknew what she was doing was wrong but she carelessly did it

The World and Ideas of Karl Marx :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The World and Ideas of Karl MarxThe latter part of the nineteenth century was teeming with evolved friendly and economical ideas. These views of the social structure of urban connection came about with the development of ideals taken from past revolutions and the present clash of individuals and organized assemblies. As the Industrial Revolution steamed ahead paving the way for increment commerce, so did the widening gap between the class structure which so predominantly grasped the populace and their rights within the community. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal in the eyes of the bourgeoisie. victimisation advancing methods of production within a system of free trade, the concept middle class were strategically able to earn a straight surplus of funds and maintain their present class of life. Thus, with the advancement of persistence and the bourgeoisies gain of wealth, a counter-action was undoubtably taking place. The resultant was the deg radation of the working-class, of the proletarians whom provided fag to a middle-class only to be exploited in doing so. Exploitation is a quarrel between social groups that has been around since the dawn of mankind itself. The persecution of champion class by another has historically allowed the advancement of mankind to continue. These clashes, whether end point with positive or negative results, allow Man to evolve as a species, defining Himself within the social structure of nature. Mans rivalry amongst one another allows for this evolution through the production of something which is different, not necessarily productive, unless differing from the present norm and untried through previous epochs.At this cartridge holder in history, mankind was moving forward very rapidly, but at the price of the working-class. Wages were given sparsely, and when capital gain improved, the money payed for labour did not reflect this prosperity. This, therefore, accelerated the downfall of the proletarians and progressed towards a justifiable anarchy against the oppressive middle class. The conclusion of this revolt was envisioned to be a classless society, one in which its people benefit from and that benefits from its people. The overthrow of capitalism would create a socialist society eventually flourishing into communism. Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 - 1883) was the philosophical analysis who created communism and saw it as an achievable goal. Marx denounced religion and created what were thought to be radical ideas, which resulted in the banishment from his native land of Germany and indeed France, eventually ending up in England.

Gay and Lesbian Visibility in Movies and Television :: essays research papers fc

The 1990s saw surge of audacious characters in both tv set and movies. From Ellen Degeneres and her character Ellen Morgan coming out under much scrutiny on the TV show Ellen, to Julia Roberts and Rupert Everett comedically playing off each other in the motion picture My Best Friends Wedding. Sure, homophile(a)s and lesbians have been round forever, especially in Hollywood. But never has there been a period to be more out. With the popularity of shows like Will and Grace, which sign leading festal characters, as well as Dawsons Creek and its sustenance character of teenager Jack McPhee, we are slowly seeing gay and lesbian characters creeping into the mainstream media.The family unit has al way of lifes been a treasured and venerable dynamic on television and in movies. Dating all the way back to I Love Lucy, storylines focused on the relationship amidst man and woman. Ozzie and Harriet introduced us to the quintessential American familyfather in a suit, mother in pearls, and two exceptional children. It wasnt until the 1970s that gay characters and lifestyles began to emerge. In 1973, An American Family, a PBS series featured ane of the familys sons revealing his homo sexuality. In 1977, the television show Soap costarred baton Crystal as an openly gay man. In the 1980s, it became trendy to feature gay and lesbian characters in ensemble casts. If you watch reruns, you can forever find the token gay, that is, the really flaming homo or the butch lesbian gym teacher. The motion picture Mannequin, starring Andrew McCarthy and Kim Catrall, featured Meshach Taylor as Hollywood, an eccentric, finger-snapping homosexual. Many stereotypes such as these continued until the early nineties. In 1991, on LA Law, two women share the first said(prenominal) sex kiss on prime time television. A few years later, NBCs hit show FRIENDS featured Ross Gellars ex wife as a lesbian, raining a child with her female partner. At the same time, the FOX network censored a gay same sex kiss on Melrose Place, a show known for pushing limits. round the same time, censors and right wing groups were up in arms over a kiss shared by Roseanne and Mariel Hemmingway. In the end, that kiss was likewise censored. But things were slowly evolving in the movies. Independent films had been featuring gays and lesbians as main characters, portrait real life and real relationships. Armistead Maupins Tales of The City revolved near a homo-hetero pairing.

A Brave New World is Pending :: Brave New World Essays

A Brave bare-assed World is pending    In the March 6 issue of Science News, J. Raloff wrote If pregnancies early in adulthood reduce a womans lifelong risk of developing detractor cancer, could short-term hormonal treatments that simulate aspects of pregnancy do the same amour? A new study suggest that the answer is yes.   Reading that fast-forwarded my liking to a horrible future, one described in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, where women of the future undergo surrogate pregnancies. In the book it was for mental reasons, only when now, theres a physical reason to do such a hormonal treatment.   How many other predictions will come true in the next, say, 20 years? Already we have television, airplanes, submarines, cyberspace and virtual reality. Is the next measure a measurable move toward Utopia? Will we eery live with ameliorate health? Will we stave off death so efficaciously that we are killed for population control reasons at the old, old age of 60? Will we lose sight of the goal of a long, productive life, discard it for a long, forever young life (making aging a disease, because drugs to lift the here and now build up to a painful later)?   Im all for advancement in medicine. My own father, an oncologist and hematologist, deals with ground-breaking new procedures and medicines on a nonchalant basis. But to air out my cautious side if the government ever starts worshiping Henry Ford, outlawing Shakespeare, instituting mandatory sterilization of certain groups of people, encouraging and perpetuating class divisions and distributing drugs to influence potential conflict, help me out by saying STOP actually, really loudly.   Then again, this government does revere Henry Ford in a way. If a rangy car company wanted something done that was cussed to the desires of a community, my bets are on the car company. This thorough encouragement of big business and the tradition of such can almost be seen as worship.   Whil e Shakespeare hasnt been outlawed anywhere (as far as I know), inform Darwins theory of Natural Selection is banned in some civilize districts. J.D. Salingers Catcher in the Rye is banned in some school day districts.   Ruth Sherman, a white teacher in a dim and Hispanic neighborhood in New York, left her job in fear for her life over a book called Nappy fuzz some parents (who of course, hadnt read the award-winning novel and for the most part werent her students parents) panorama it was racist and divisive.

Metaphysical Realism and Matilal’s Theories on the Connection Between Words and Things :: Philosophy

Metaphysical Realism and Matilals Theories on the Connection betwixt Words and ThingsABSTRACT The vexed cut back of the precise connexion between words and things (or objects) has been a major absorption over the centuries summoning the resources of metaphysics, philosophical system of language, linguistics, ontology and increasingly semiological analysis. Philosophy in India produced a number of different and very much conflicting solutions, only to be rivalled by an equally bewildering variety witnessed in the ancient and modern West. I want to bring to the foreground the new Professor Bimal K. Matilals development of Nyaya-Vaisesika realist approach to the aporia, and interject the analysis with unorthodox voices, especially of Mimamsakas and Buddhists. Significantly, it will be the living ghosts of Putnam and Dummett that I will mention to haunt Matilals variation on metaphysical realism (after Davidson). Matilal veered walk-to(prenominal) to a realist metaphysic, which is inflected in his own formulation of a possible action of language appropriate to this ontology, this despite his idealized attraction to phenomenalist-constructivism (especially Buddhist) his flirtations with Bhartrharian holism (even Saussurean semiology) and late with Derridean deconstruction (after G. C. Spivak) in his epiloquia. But my critique focuses on his famous originally analysis of Jnana or cognition and his defence of a particular linguistic-ontology indoors a narrowly circumscribed naturalized epistemology (after Navya-nyaya). The ProblemThe vexed issue of the precise connection between words and things (or objects) has been a major preoccupation over the centuries, summoning the resources of metaphysics, philosophical system of language, linguistics, ontology and increasingly semiological analysis, to solve this problem. Indian philosophy produced a number of different and often conflicting solutions, only to be rivalled by the even more bewildering variety of approaches and theories witnessed in the West, traditional and modern, relying more often than not on various model of the word (natural, ideal, scriptural, semiotic, etc.). In this paper I want to suggest that there is an even more intricate kind between the model of the word or language and the background involve of the world. In other words, it is not at all as guileless as sitting down one fine morning and asking, Well, ol boy, what is the connection between the word and the world? as though it is a enquiry simpliciter about some given or givens in our environment. Many theories save on the basis of this assumed dualism, if not a complete asymmetry between language and the world that it is supposed