Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Company - assignment ExampleThe company operates in countries that average 37 and employs 28,400 workers directly as of mid-2013. 65% of these atomic number 18 in europium, 26% is based in Asia, while 95 is based in the Americas (Dublin 8). Most employees in Europe work in Germany, France, and Switzerland. Richemont reported revenues of 10.150 billion in 2013, which was up from 8.868 billion the previous year (Dublin 10). just about strengths of the company include its high position of 6th in the Swiss Market Index, being the second largest luxury goods company, and its large employee base, while it similarly encompasses several world-renown luxury brands like Piaget and Cartier among others. Its biggest weakness is that it has limited strawman in emerging economies.Richemonts HR brand is one of the most respected in the world, curiously with regards to its highly trained staff, highly competitive remuneration packages, and its family culture. The main responsibilities of thei r group HR function are to develop processes, establish policies, and offer strategic education to constituent brands HR functions with regards to best practices in HR management (Dublin 22). The main clients for the group HR are its brand HR teams. The HRs plans, strategies, and direction were influenced by the 2009 financial crisis, especially with regards to restrictions on recruitment. This led them to focus on effectiveness and quality, while also shifting their focus from an approach solely based on skills to one also based on personality with regards to ambition, attitude, willingness to learn, and ability to learn (Dublin 23). This was to ensure that employees could oblige into the Richemont family culture. Fitting employees into this culture also requires that Richemont find a balance between locals and expats for its overseas offices. This also ensures that their HR function embraces diversity in their work culture.This fit into

Middle East Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Middle East Final Exam - try ExampleThis was followed by Christian antisemitism, which occurred in the middle epoch and was principally religious in nature. This was advertize followed by conventional or olden Muslim anti-Semitism, which was apparently nuanced due to the case of Jews being saved socially. Socio- semipolitical and economical anti-Semitism associated with Europe in the period of enlighten and post enlightenment which crafted the basis for racial anti-Semitism. Racial anti-Semitism was inculcated in the era of Nazism around the nineteenth century (Falk 5). Modern anti-Semitism has emerged lately and is acknowledged as fresh anti-Semitism. However, in our study, we will deal with the anti-Semitism occurring in the 19th century. The introduction of the era of industrialization and the scientist revolution in Europe encouraged and was characterized by extreme anti-Semitism (Falk 25). Zionism is a Jewish political affiliation that aims at empowering and boosting the self esteem of the Jewish people in a sovereign national homeland of the Jews. It advocates for the Jewish people and addresses the critical intimidation and threats to their affluence and go along existence. Liberal Zionism, being our major focus, included advocacies by Zionist leaders such as Herzi and Weizmann, although non directed to a single party, for democracy and human rights adherence and free market capitalism. Kadima, however, diverted his protagonism towards the establishment of a democratic society in Israel, the dire need for Palestinian statehood and granting of equal rights for Israeli Arab citizens among other grievances (Falk 5). Theodor Herzl is the father to modern Zionism and emergence of the Israeli state. The imminent rise of anti-Semitism was what pickled Herzls attention and caused him to inculcate the fight against it. Despite the fact that he was steeped into the European culture, Herzl was perturbed by the augmenting hate for the Jews and, thus, started f lake for his dignity (Falk 55). With continued fight against Zionist movement by various Jewish leaders, Herzl pressed for more than attention on the congress to conquer the communities or work with the Jewish communities in addition to political focus on the Palestine community. Thus, he elicited cohesion and serenity in the Jewish and Palestinian communities through activism as he wrote news articles discouraging anti-Semitism. Thus, he addressed the plight of the Jews and pressed for independency of Palestine and freedom foe Jewish people to his grave. Chaim Weizmann was brought up in a Jewish steeped displace and grew up aware of the plight of Jews. He played a big role in engagement for Zionism. In his liaison with Balfour for the enforcement of the Balfours declaration, Weizmann confessed that all he needed was home for his people. He secured a credit as one of the founding fathers of Israel. In 1919, Weizmann and his acquaintance Faisal, the future crown of Iraq, stroke an accord dubbed the Faisal-Weizmann agreement, which inculcated unaggressive relations between Arabs and Jews within the Middle East. This accord lobbied for the settlement of Jews in Palestine (Falk 55). After this accord, Weizmann became the authoritative leader of the world Zionist movement where he liaised with Albert Einstein to raise funds for the construction of the Hebraic university in Jerusalem. He ended up as the first president of Israel where he brought people together. forward and after the Second World War,

Discounting and Present Value Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discounting and Present Value Analysis - establish ExampleSince I am the investor in this situation, I would perceive a certain overtopd lay of indemnification based on my own understandings and estimates of current market inflation, take chances-free stride, expected rate of bring forth of the market and other risk factors. Thus, it would be my choice to choose an appropriate required rate of return (RRR) keeping in view the above things. In this case, 8% is my RRR and at this rate I would dole out the project for $281,893.C. Price and discount rate go inversely while inflation has a send off relation with the interest rates. If inflation increase, interest rates testament rise too and since price goes inversely, it will fall. This would cause me to choose a higher RRR. This in turn, will cause the discount factor in the formula to increase, which would then cause the present value to decline. Thus, the prices I would charge currently will be lower that the previous case.D . If the inflation or interest rate rises in the market, it would cause me to choose a higher rate of return because of the increased risk. In other words, keeping the risk-free rate constant, my risk premium that I demand for a particular investment would rise. Since in this case, the goldmine is located in a third world country, my choice would be to charge a higher price in the wake of higher shotty regarding risk factors like inflation risk, interest rate risk and so forthThe right choice between the both bonds will correctly ... The right choice between the two bonds will correctly be based on bond ratings of the two companies issued by genuine credence rating agency. An authentic source would be ratings by Standard & Poor or Moodys. During the previous fiscal year, General Motors already declared a huge loss and much lower profits than antecedently projected. According to news, GMs bond rating was cut to throw away status by S&P quite recently. This is a step taken keepin g in view the highly unstable state of earning it has shown all over the previous period. Moreover, S&P said clearly that GM is in a risky pecuniary position for some time to come. The company has been losing market share to Asian rivals Toyota, Honda, Nissan and Hyundai, even as the boilersuit number of new vehicles purchased each year in North America has hovered at record highs. salary increase interest rates could keep the market from growing much more, the ratings agency said, and any reduction in demand would be a traumatic event for GM.1 On the other hand, Standard & Poors Equity interrogation emphasized on a strong buy rating on Cisco Systems. The company in addition occupies a strong ranking among other forums like the Fortune 500. The decision here would be to stick out a lower price for the bonds of General Motors than that of Cisco Systems. Even if Cisco Systems were not rated among the AAs, it would still be preferable because of the risk factors attached to Gener al Motors current status in the automobile industry and an uncertain future due to increased competition from Japanese manufacturers and particularly because of a highly low rated junk status assigned by S&P to its bonds. In other words, Cisco system bonds require a higher price to be paid today with a lower discount rate than GM.Work CitedGM, Ford Bond Ratings

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food Research Paper

The oppose Effects of Gluten in Food - Research Paper ExampleAs a result, the gluten sensitive muckle fall victim to different unsoundnesss like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Generally, intestinal biopsy is conducted in people to detect if they are sensitive to gluten. Researches are underway to know more about how gluten affects the wellness of a person. The best way to avoid diseases for a gluten sensitive patient is to be on a gluten-free diet.Many researchers and physicians have been pondering lately over the considerable rise of diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies among common people. There is much discussion ongoing in the medical realism as to the major cause of such chronic diseases. Gluten is thought to be one factor which is accepted to be causing these diseases in people who are allergic to it. Research suggests the negative effects of gluten in food are obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Gluten causes damage to the small intestine and starts tolerant off symptoms in people who are gluten sensitive. The damaged intestine give way to inadequate tightness of nutrition and the gluten sensitive person suffers from different diseases.Gluten is a form of protein which is generally found in wheat, barley and rye. It can be said that it is found in many types of cereals and various types of bread. However, gluten is not present in all types of food from the grain family. Some grains like rice, millet, corn quinoa and oats do not contain gluten. hunting watch (1987) states that One of the glutens main protein fractions is gliadin, which is a complex mixture(pg. 3).Books (2005) explains that Gluten is a type of protein found in wheat, barley, rye, triticale and oats(pg.7). When this protein is metabolized in the body of a certain person, it can at times give a tremendous pro blem.

In what respects is Pluto more like a moon than a Jovian or Essay

In what respects is Pluto more like a moon than a Jovian or terrestrial planet - Essay ExampleSince Pluto is a small ice chunk, it does not quite settle into these two categories and is more similar to a satellite or moon (Weintraub 45). one of the criteria for any object to be categorized as a real planet is that it must aim cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. The passel of Earth is approximately 1.7 million times higher than the mass of all early(a) objects within its orbit. Unfortunately, the mass of Pluto is only 0.07 times higher than the mass of its other orbiting objects. Consequently, in 2006 Pluto was officially relegated to a dwarf planet (Weintraub 98).More objective minds have deep decided to remove Pluto from the list of planets surrounding the sun. There are some objects that are larger than the Pluto that would qualify to be included to the list of planets if really Pluto was deliberated a planet (Weintraub

Lamesa, Texas (Home Town) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lamesa, Texas (Home Town) - Research Paper ExampleFinally, the latter one was deemed suitable for the townspeople and thence was accepted by the town committee (History of Lamesa) Thesis Statement The paper intends to provide a brief history of Lamesa, which is situated in Texas. Description of landscapes and contribution to the Ozarks and Missouri by the inhabitants of Lamesa will overly be discussed. Furthermore, the agricultural industry dampenments after the settlement and its special available food crops will be analyzed. Historical Backgrounds The prime(prenominal) inhabitants of the town were Paleo-Indians, who hunted and camped along Sulfer Springs Draw around 17000 grades ago. Later, around the year 2000, the population amounted to approximately above 9,500 the settlers offered the best small-town living to the new visitors or inhabitants. Furthermore, the people are in truth much hospitable and friendly and provide a sense of warmth and belongingness to their guests (A bout Lamesa). In bon ton to establish a new county seat for Dawson County, an election was held, the candidates being Lamesa and Chicago. Lamesa won the elections by a genuinely small fraction of 5 votes. Following the election, a post office earlier based in Chicago was moved to Lamesa as people residing at Chicago started moving their township to Lamesa. Furthermore, Lamesas start-off school was opened in 1902, following which a daily mail service commenced from the year 1906. Moreover, the town got its first rail service on October 1, 1910 it was operated by Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway Company. Telephone and galvanising services commenced in the year 1905 and 1916 respectively (History of Lamesa). Lamesa had become integrated in the year 1917, presently after which large projects started to take place in the town. A new city hall, water and sewerage system, and streets made up of bricks were built in the year 1925. In 1945, a council-manager, a type of government, was co nventional followinga decision of adopting a home-rule agreement. Initially, Lamesa flourished through farming, and at the later stages oil production became the major source of trading for the residents. In the mid 1980s, when the towns population stabilized around 11,500, the marketing and banking center dealt with unlike businesses, such as farming equipment, agricultural products, clothing and textiles, oil services, food processing, and cultivation of cotton. Gradually, the town began to develop with establishments of Dawson County Museum, Howard County Junior College, hospitals, libraries and several nursing homes (Lamesa, Tx, (Dawson County)). Traditionally, the people of Lamesa society and Dawson County were historied in helping and providing support to severally other. Dawson County was one of the five counties to receive the popular Army Navy Eaward for providing the highest men per capita during the back World War. Furthermore, William Rafus Shafter is one of the reno wned persons who visited the county for preparing a report on the local Indians. He and his company were the first persons to discover an Indian encampment at Laguna Sabinas or Cedar Lake which was the birth place of renowned Quanah Parker. Moreover, he along with his company constructed the initial wagon roads upon the plains and reported the county favorable on feed conditions. Majority of the people residing in Lamesa are from the Christian religion (

Refrigeration Laboratory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Refrigeration Laboratory - Lab Report idealAdditionally, high water inlet temperatures intimately affect R134a temperature. Consequently, high water inlet temperatures led to initiate in intermediate temperatures. In addition to that, optimal temperature is directly proportional to ambient temperature (Neese and Oravetz, 2003). This temperature in exhaust affects evaporation temperature of cycles that occur at low stages hence inducing the increase of optimal temperature.Result overly indicated that there was a correlation between coefficient of proceeding, water inlet and ambient temperatures. As a result, coefficient of performance deteriorates at high water inlet temperatures and low ambient temperatures and vice versa and it is a common phenomenon in air water heat pump systems (Radermacher and Hwang, 2005).The apparatus had numerous sharp bends with narrow bores that substantially increased pressure of the refrigerant due to viscous friction. Refrigerant usually leave the evaporator chamber to a lower place ambient temperatures. This makes it gain temperature from the surrounding to increase superheat. Inadequately insulation at the suction line prevented this from natural event (Venkatarathnam, 2008). The motor used to compress refrigerant, from suction pressure to discharge pressure, is not 100% efficient.This experiment undecided up so many possibilities of recommendation that can be done to improve the plant and write up techniques used. The entire valve at the joint should be fitted to prevent gas from escaping. The inefficient motor should also be replaced with an efficient one so as to save energy. Friction reduction measures are very important. lubricant and oil should be smeared on the Inner lining of the walls of the suction pipes to reduce friction between the fluids and the walls. celluloid chlorine, especially Chlorofluorocarbons depletes the ozone layer making it permeable to dangerous ultra violet rays reach the earth. It was due this have-to doe with that the Montreal Protocol, an

Byzantium And Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Byzantium And Islam - Essay Example. Byzantium attained its political height through Justinian, who re-conquered the old westbound empire parts. Successive attacks from various peoples, including Latin Christians, made Byzantium weak, finally falling to the Ottoman Turks (1454) (Perry, Chase, Jacob, & Jacob, 2008 pg. 29). As the seventh century began, vast territories that extended from Egypt to Syria and across North African territories were under the rule of knotted empire from Constantinople (modern Istanbul), its capital. Critical to the power and wealth of the empire, these southern territories long influenced by the classical traditions held Orthodox, Syriac and Coptic, Christians, Jewish communities, among other umpteen religions (Ratliff & Evans, 2012 pg. 36). Great pilgrimage centers engrossed the faithful followers from as far away as Scandinavia in the west and Yemen in the east. Major trade routes extended down the Red Sea to eastward onetime(prenominal) Jordan to In dian lands in the south, bringing ivories and silks to the imperial territories. Key cities made wealthy by commerce prolonged along inland trade routes Constantinople north and along the coastline of Mediterranean sea. Commerce carried ideas and images freely through the region. In the same 7th century, the newly founded faith of Islam began from Medina and Mecca along the Red Sea trade way and reached double-u to the Byzantium Empires southern provinces. Religious and political authority was conveyed from the long conventional Christian Byzantine to the newly founded Umayyad and well along Abbasid Muslim dynasties. These new powers capitalized on the advantage of existing region traditions in developing their compelling religious and secular visual identities. This exhibition shadows the Byzantine Empire southern provinces esthetic traditions from the 7th century to the 9th, as they were changed from being fundamental to the Byzantine tradition and beliefs to being a comminuted Islamic world part (Ratliff & Evans, 2012 pg. 61). Byzantium preserved key foundations of the Greco-Roman practices and tradition. Under Justinians order, Byzantine scholars collected and unionized Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis, which had four parts. Influenced by the Greek historians, Byzantines including Anna Comnena, Procopius, and Michael Psellus offered rational, comprehensible, if not always objective, versions of diachronic occasions. Byzantine religious philosophers studied Greek philosophy but they subordinated philosophical activity to theology enterprise. Byzantium create a rich architectural, artistic, and musical tradition influenced by some pre-existing ones. Drawing from Hebrew and Greco-Roman practice and theory, Byzantine musicians formed a tonal system that greatly influenced the Western music course, and Kontakion hymnody derivative of primordial Christianity models. Byzantine art largely concerned itself with exalting the empire and serving ghostlik e purposes. The iconoclastic controversy made artists to find new methods of approaching the issue of representing the human nature, but disdain that, Byzantine artists never reconnoitered realism in deep as their Western complements did. Ravenna became the focus of much early artistic engagements. Buildings such as Theodorics church of St. Apollinare, Galla Placidias mausoleum, and San

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 30

Response - render Example137143).During the surgery of socialization, people learn the language of the culture they are born into as healthy as the role played in life. Socialization is an important component of personality formation. In as much as much of the human personality is dependent on the human genes, socialization process plays an integral role in modeling a person towards a particular direction by encouraging specific attitudes, beliefs as well as provision of selective process. Successful socialization results in uniformity in the society. When all children receive the same standards of socialization, there is a high likelihood that they lead share the same expectations and beliefs.It is crucial for children to learn socialization skills at home or in schools children are naturally egocentric, implying that they think of themselves as the center of the world at birth. The process of socialization is an important formulation of a childs life as it enables the child t o think of others as well as themselves to be significant and appreciate different roles played by different people in the world. The magnetic dip of egocentrism among newborn children is not negative and is inborn in all human beings however, for successful doing of children into the society, they must learn to interact with other members in a positive, healthy and productive manner. Preparation of children to drive successful adults thus calls upon adults and childhood educators to impart socialization skills, not only in schools but also at homes (Praxis, pp. 17).Poor socialization skills among children would most likely result in an unhealthy indicate relationship in adulthood. This can result in unfortunate incidences like peer rejection and involvement in delinquent childhood behaviors. Socialization is thus important since social skills learned in the society helps to conserve a child safe as well as enables the maintenance of a healthy

Summary of frankl's book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of frankls book - Essay Examplegs special meaning to the field of breast feeding since it gives ideas which slew be used to establish therapeutic healing relationships between nurses and the individuals under their care.For example, Frankl (1997) presents the idea that feeling never stops having a meaning therefore there is no such thing as a meaningless existence. Individuals will always have something to live for. While Frankl offers concrete examples such as family and loved ones, he also includes the spiritual aspect of living for a cause and suggests that even in the direst situations a reason to live can be found in the shape of God. For nurses, it becomes important to differentiation that if this faith in family, friends or a spiritual deity is lost by an individual, the process of recovery can be harmed significantly. The relevance of this idea to the theory of nursing becomes clear when we understand that nurses are supposed(a) to provide assistance in the heali ng process and create professional relationships with patients under their care. These positive relationships can help along the healing process for the patient.Another important point which Frankl makes is the idea concerning the individual position which a person can have with regard to a calamity. He notes that some prisoners were able to pledge whatever the concentration camps dished out to them and survive simply because they had a positive attitude within them. Even in suffering, a positive attitude can lessen the pain a person is going through and allow him/her to come to terms with what has afflicted them. On the other hand, those who give up or become negative may not only enhance their own suffering further also affect how others around them are feeling. The lesson for a nurse is simply to remain positive and throw out patients to think positively.On a personal note, I found the book to be highly motivational and I believe that it offers some important life lessons fo r people from all walks of life. It is certainly a prevalent book and does

Contemporary Middle East History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Contemporary essence einsteinium History - Essay ExampleWhile not completely Western but also combined with Islamic vagaryls, the nance Empire presented different challenges for the Middle tocopherol than the British and French Empires. The Ottomans demonstrated a semi-Islamic influence in the region. This means that succession ab initio embracing some Islamic ideals, the Ottomans later rejected others and according to Islamic perceptions in the Middle East, the Ottomans while at first more raiseable than the British and French Empires were eventually seen as un-Islamic (Gelvin 2005 Khatar, 2004). While more in the region may blame so-called imperialists - (whether they be Ottomans, British-French or American) - for the conditions in the region, the failure of flag-waving(a) successive presidential legal injury to take control of their own destiny is an inherent problem in the Middle East and until today needs to be adequately addressed and confronted (Huntington, 1996). As Huntington (1996) notes Western style democracy in the Middle East has served to increase anti-Western political forces. The history of how and why this rage against Western style democracy can be seen in the social, political, technological and economic forces that have been imposed upon the Middle East via successive colonial administrations.The Ottoman Empire under the absolute rule of Sultan Seleyman had the responsibility of guaranteeing complete justice or adala among the governed. This idea has both Islamic and Turco-Persian aspects. Borrowing from Hebraic traditions, the idea of distributive justice is modeled after queen Solomon in the Old Testament who according to Islamic political theory was a considered a creative figure in distributive justice. This idea encapsulates the Western feeling of justice hence the Western circle of political rule during the Ottoman Empire that regarding fairness and equity. Additionally and importantly, the Islamic portion of justice wa s that notion it be inclusive for all including the lowest individuals in the power structure. As stated within the account book Allah admonishes the followers of Islam to act equitably you who believe Be upright for Allah, bearers of witness with justice, and let not crime of a people incite you not to act equitably act equitably, that is nearer to piety, and he wakeful of (your duty to) Allah surely Allah is Aware of what you do (The Dinner Table, 5.8).In terms of economic and social lifetime the Ottoman Empire attempted to include all members of the Empire no matter how powerless. Although seemingly take away ideologically from the society the Ottoman Sultan followed a set of siyasa laws, which included the severe punishment of government officials if they were believed to have abused their powers. Such abuses included illegally taxing or forcing the labor of peasants, forcibly requiring them to puddle food to soldiers or forcibly staying in their homes (Khatar, 2004 Gelvin , 2005). The punishment for these crimes usually included the death penalty. In terms of social structure and relations, the Ottoman Empire can be considered one of the first to quantify earth opinion and therefore demonstrates how public opinion was considered very important in legitimating the power of the Sultan. If the Sultan did not have favorable public opinion and more negative public opinion cultivated by its adversaries then the Sultan would be sure to fall. In order to cultivate and maintain positive favor among the public in support of the Sultan

The African-American Artists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The African-American Artists - Essay ExampleI firmly believe that the success of a nisus or musical theater composition does not entirely depend on the ethnic, racial or cultural background and orientation of the artist. Other factors contribute to the success of a musical composition, including the integrated components of musical elements such as the harmony, pitch, lyrics, melody, and rhythm, among some opposites. Music, interpret by a particular artist, regardless of race or other personal differences in gender or age, would have found equal success with the unspoiled timing, right musical score, choice of instruments, vocals and the expressive interpretation of the artist that elicited the appropriate appeal of the target audience. at that place are different instances when songs have been initially put down by one artist and have been interpreted by another. For instance, the song of Josh Groban entitled You Raise Me Up was popularly known to have been save by various ar tists even before it rose to fame when Josh Groban recorded and sang it. The reasons why on that point are versions that generated significant popularity and success to a greater extent than others who previously recorded them could range from the timing of these songs being recorded which perfectly match the sentiments and appeals of the audience the personality of the singer or artist who sang and interpreted the song (where it could be observed that there are a particular appeal and charisma that was exemplified more than what the other artists who previously recorded them delivered) the strategies used for promoting the songs and there could be some changes in some musical elements, bid the tempo, rhythm, and musical instruments or accompanying background that made a particular musical interpretation more successful than others.

Environmental Ethics. Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Ethics. Assignment 3 - Essay Example loaf (2012) outlines three definitions of nature depending on the benefits derived from it. The first definition is that nature is a collective term used to refer to all events that take place within the universe. He in addition defines the nature as anything that adds value to life in manner that does non affect the occurrences of events. His interest to guide the relations between homophile beings and nature made him refer to nature as a compounding of all phenomena and the unused capabilities by human beings to control nature and derive benefits from him (Mill, 2012).Mill (2012) also states that when human beings neglect nature, it has a way of paying back by causing harm and damage. For instance, Mill states that floods and opposite natural hazards that occur are entirely a way of nature expressing its frustrations. Human beings should take tending of nature and nature in return should ensure that it meets all the needs o f human beings by ensuring that sustainability is maintained. . Mill states that Human beings should correct nature and put it in line rather than try to emulate it. It is only ethical for human beings to correct nature where it goes wrong and make improvements on the existing natural phenomenon. accord to Mill (2012) human beings understand the consequences of their own actions but they tend to act ignorant. This ignorance has caused human suffering, and it has also alter the environment. Mill (2012) also outlines that humans are separate from nature and for this reason rules of nature are not applicable to man. From a spiritual perspective, God gave human beings power and dominion over all other creatures and nature itself. Mill (2012) states that God values nature, and he handed over the responsibility of taking tutelage of nature to human beings. For this reason, human beings should take this assignment seriously and invest in nature so as to ensure that it works in their fav or.In conclusion, Mills philosophical views originated from his

Need a management theory and explain it Research Paper

Need a management theory and explain it - Research Paper ExampleIn this paper communion has been discussed within the context of helix and structuration theories.Globalization has exerted more pressures to operate efficiently and efficaciously and has pushed organizations to employ skillful means to enhance efficient organisational functions. The effectiveness of an organizations employee is grounded on organizational culture, effective communication and solid leadership at the workplace. From the gaffe study provided, it is evident that hybridisation clearly lacks these important elements that do-nothing motivate employees and hence increase productivity. It is obvious from the excerpt that there is a complete lack of leadership from the supervisors employing old school tactics to manage new age problems. Culture, communication and leadership are critical elements of an effective homogenous work force that is bent of increasing productivity. These iii elements are intricately tangencyed and must be continually sought by the dynamic and gritty achieving organisation out to make a competitive edge in business. the role of the leader with an organizational set up is to steer the firm towards realization of a common objective goal. In the quality study, Bob through application of this principles management to successfully meet and surpass his quotas daily, much to the chagrin of separate supervisors.Communication enjoys a crucial place within organizations and its importance is not in doubt in fact it is the lifeblood of any organisation that seeks to gel and improve as a unit. The success of an organization can be partly attributed to the degree of communication within an organization as it serves as an essential link for any formal organization, thereby linking the mutual objectives that people within the familiar setting seeks to achieve. In the case provided, communication between the management and the hourly employees has completely broken down and their mode lacks the essential elements that go under

Violent Video Games Contribute to Violence Research Paper

Violent Video Games Contribute to Violence - Research melodic theme ExampleThis is in particular in the schools where some after falling out with their peers have resulted to shootings. Conversely, studies have contended different to fury emanating from the violent videos mainly among the children. They contend that, aggression particularly among teenage normally emanates from the environs, which nurtures them to maturity or due to mental disorder of an individual. Hence, reshaping ones character where one becomes violent due to the impression that this is the only way others can understand own situation. Studies have proved that violent gamers normally drag characteristics of antagonism chiefly in their behavior (Craig & Karen 778). This usually extends even long after the turning finish off the game where the players inner emotions become numbed and merciless contrary to those who have not watched. Since, the current, sophisticated media allows the players actively move wi th the scenes where with other peers they can compete to prove possessed remarkable expertise to outdo the other. This brews aggression among the players and especially if they are teens, where their control immensely relies on emotions and not intellect because of their immaturity (Craig & Karen 779). Consequently, they turn hostile especially when they are in the midst of other students and when irritated result to killing similarly the way they leave and do while playing during their video sessions. Psychology claims that youngsters develop Behavioral scripts where lifes experiences usually record themselves. fit in Michael Rich, children use this to respond to the external environment, and especially when it seems hostile, they counteract it with the analogous measure or extra (Craig & Karen 780). Alternatively, they act to outdo or outwit the predicament that is depriving them the comfort they are experiencing via either inflicting pain, which is the environment comprising o f their peers. Consequently, they result to hurting them and regretting afterwards of their actions when they sober up. The motivator of all these is what they attain from the violent video games (Craig, Katherine & goy 3). Since, most normally place the player on the side of the assaulter. It makes the player start having the feelings of hostility, and one expects the same from those he engages who are ready to fight and resist, but ones peers are contrary. Primarily, the game offers rewards to the aggressor due to achievements made in pursuance of their opponent while in their mission. Owing to constant juice up in playing these games, they normally offer the player to rehearse the entire process involving provocation to the impregnable resolution of the conflict, which is death (Ferguson & Rueda 102). Additionally, since these games are addictive, they augment the learners skills and embed aggression in their character as they protract maturing. Hence, become part of them, w hich it may be hard to amend their behavior once they are adults. According to studies, youths exposure to video games has resulted to numbing their feelings against horror or both the human and property destruction. Youths emulate legion(predicate) sadistic actions evident in these videos and assume that, the only and effective way to deal with life predicaments is via violence (Ferguson & Rueda 105). In this way, youths may not be aware until other people notice and with proper

Modernization Essay Example for Free

Modernization EssayModernization is a process of modernizing a way of life. South Africa and chinaware both attempted to modernize for a salutary outcome. chinaware was successful at modernizing and benefited greatly. South Africa resisted modernisation and in the end suffered from pernicious effects. South Africa and chinaware both modernized in their own way.China attempted to modernize from the struggles that were present in the country. In China, modernization occurred later than then most countries this allowed the Chinese to use other countries as a model. China began to focus on important industrys that would help their country prosper. They began to advance in military, science, and technology, and ceremonious a strong economy by selling products to other nations. As a result of modernization China became urbanized, and industrialized. The nation also became economically stronger which made the growing nation prosper. Modernization benefited China in all aspects of a great nation. China modernization process started to begin after the Qing dynasty fell, with this the country valued to reform which led to modernization. Modernization was a very beneficial process to china as a whole.South Africa did not benefit from the process of modernization. Modernization caused a loss of culture and ships company to African culture. The British came to South Africa hoping they could take over the country and modernize the country as a hole. The plurality of South Africa were known as the Zulus, the Zulus resented modernization of the British and wanted to modernize on their own. The British attempted to convert South Africans to Christianity to create modernization in the country. The Zulus lost the war to the British and their freedom natives were forced to provide cheap labor to the British to make money for food. The British benefitted more than from modernization then South Africans did. Modernization was not beneficial to the South Africans.Modern ization was beneficial to China and was harmful to South Africa. China took years to modernize and was late in modernization but did last modernize and greatly befitted from it. South Africa did not benefit from modernization they had a loss in society and culture. Modernization will always ether help a country or be harmful to the country. This will depend on how the country attempts this process as a hole and what they go absent of.

Individual Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay Example for Free

Individual frugal Issues manakin Paper EssayReview the Health upkeep sparings Issues HMO Simulation bring posted on your student web page. Follow the Wk 4 WEB LINK Understanding Economic Issues for HMOs. This exercise is for your learning experience only. Do non post any sort short from the exercise as part of your assignment.Economic Issues Simulation PaperPrepare a 1,050- to ,1400 makeup in which you present a profile of each confederation including the demographics of the employees, the health care risk factors (potential areas of high school utilization), and the premiums the caller is willing to pay. Apply each plan, Castor commonplace and Castor Enhanced to each company, Constructit and E-editor, to pick up which plan best meets the healthcare needs of the employees ignore Dearden.As a representative of Castor insurance, your demarcation is to maximize profit and minimize risk for the company. Based on your analysis of potential utilization, give at least t wo reasons why each plan could be selected for each company. Then select ane of the two companies and state which plan you would select to sell to that company? What are the reasons for this decision? why did you not select the other plan offered?Your paper should be unionised so that each question serves as a subheading followed by the discussion, i.e. Two Reasons Why from each one Plan Could Be Selected, Which Plan Selected and Reasons for the Decision, and Why the Other Plan Were Eliminated.Include a Title page and a Conclusion. order your paper reproducible with APA guidelines as described in team the identification Format Easy Version document. Follow the Wk 4 IndividualAssignment Outline document posted in the Course Materials forum located equitable below the Chat Room.Post your aTo get this material copy and paste link to web browser https//bitly.com/1wyPcrfThink about your resume from day one. Yes, you want your diploma to be the feature point of the resume. However , you in like manner want to put anything else you can on it. Work-study, summer job or internship experience is a vauntingly plus. Also cultivate opportunities through extra-curricular activities that appeal to you.General Questions General General QuestionsReview the Health Care Economics Issues HMO Simulation exercise posted on your student web page. Follow the Wk 4 WEB LINK Understanding Economic Issues for HMOs. This exercise is for your learning experience only. Do not post any screen short from the exercise as part of your assignment.Economic Issues Simulation PaperPrepare a 1,050- to ,1400 paper in which you present a profile of each company including the demographics of the employees, the health care risk factors (potential areas of high utilization), and the premiums the company is willing to pay. Apply each plan, Castor Standard and Castor Enhanced to each company, Constructit and E-editor, to determine which plan best meets the healthcare needs of the employees ignor e Dearden.As a representative of Castor insurance, your job is to maximize profit and minimize risk for the company. Based on your analysis of potential utilization, give at least two reasons why each plan could be selected for each company. Then select one of the two companies and state which plan you would select to sell to that company? What are the reasons for this decision? Why did you not select the other plan offered?Your paper should be organized so that each question serves as a subheading followed by the discussion, i.e. Two Reasons Why Each Plan Could Be Selected, Which Plan Selected and Reasons for the Decision, and Why the Other Plan Were Eliminated.Include a Title page and a Conclusion.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines as described in team the Assignment Format Easy Version document. Follow the Wk 4 Individual Assignment Outline document posted in the Course Materials forum located just below the Chat Room.Post your assignment in the Assignment Section on your student web page. Post an Individual Certificate of Originality along with your assignment do not include the Certificate as part of your assignment.

My Immortal Soul Essay Example for Free

My Immortal Soul EssayPlato has roused umteen readers with the work of a great philosopher by the name of Socrates. Through Plato, Socrates lived on generations after his clip. A topic of Socrates that umpteen pull up stakes continue to discuss is the conception of an divinity nous. Although there are versatile works and dialogues about this topic it is found to be best explained in The Phaedo. It is fair to say that the musical theme may wonder when one dies what exactly happens to the beloved soul, the giver of life often thought of as the very essence of life does it live on beyond the form, or does it die with it? Does the soul sport knowledge of the past if it really does live on? In Platos The Phaedo, Plato recounts Socrates final days sooner he is put to devastation. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to termination for corrupting the youth of Athens and not following the rights of Athenian religion.1 Socrates death brings him and his fellow philosop hers Cebes, Simmions, Phaedo, and Plato into a perplex dialogue about this notion of an afterlife and what does one take a leak to look forward to after death. Death is defined as the separation of the tree trunk from the soul. In The Phaedo death has two notions a common one which is the basic head that the soul dies and the physical, idea that the soul separates from the body after death.The soul is most desire that which is divine, immortal intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, and ever self-consistent and invariable, whereas body is most like that which human, mortal is, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble, and never self-consistent. (Phaedo)2 According to Socrates, knowledge is not something one came to understand but it was actually imprinted on the soul. Knowledge to Socrates was an unchanging eternal truth, something that could not be acquired through experience and time. Socrates friends believe that after death the soul disperses into the air like a breath. On the con trary Socrates believes that the soul is in fact immortal and if one wants to become free of pain they way to do so is to exempt themselves from the physical pleasures of the world. In this dialogue Socrates and the philosophers explore several notes for this idea of an immortal soul.These arguments were to illustrate and verify that death is not the last of body and soul collectively, but when the body dies the soul continues to live on. Socrates offers readers four main arguments The Cyclical Argument, which is the idea that forms are fixed and external. The soul is the sole purpose of life in this argument, and therefore goatnot die and it is to a fault to be seen as virtually never-ending. Next is The possibleness of Recollection, which insists that at alliance everyone has knowledge that the soul go through in some other life. Meaning that the soul would have had to be existent sooner birth to patronage this tell knowledge.The Form of Life Argument confers that the so ul bears a resemblance to that which is imperceptible and godly because it is abstract. The body bears a resemblance to the perceptible and the corporeal because it is objective. The Affinity Argument maybe the simplest of all. It reiterates Socrates thoughts of the body and soul, in byword that when the body dies and decomposes our soul go out continue to exist in another world.3Since the soul is immortal it has been recycled many times, and has besides experienced everything there is to experience, for Socrates and Plato this idea of recollection is much deeper than remembering something once forgotten. Socrates views knowledge as something that cannot be learned but the soul recalls it as it is being recycled. Grasping the understanding that things come to be beings by being composed of something pre-existing and when ceased these parts will continue to exist. Focusing on The Theory of Recollection, this is the claim that knowledge is innate, and cannot be learned. What you sa id about the soul. They think that after it has left the body it no longer exists anywhere, but that it is destroyed and dissolved on the day the man dies.(Cebes)4 Socrates point for this argument is that our soul with holds this knowledge and we are born with it. Although we do not remember things before we are born it is said that accepted experiences can nevertheless re awaken certain aspects of that memory.For example in The Meno, Socrates raises a numerical problem to Menos striver boy, who does not have any prior training in mathematics. The boy thinks he knows the answer but Socrates conciliates him see that his initial hypothesis of the answer is wrong. By purely asking questions, Socrates gets the slave boy to state the right answer. Socrates insists that he has not told the boy the answer, but through questioning the slave boy, Socrates aided him to recollect the slave boys own knowledge of mathematics.5 Furthermore Socrates also restores another example of recollection by stating if one were to come in contact with a picture or an item of a beloved then it would be simple to recall said person to the mind. This is the idea of how recollection works. If we examine this example and change certain aspects of it, it does not become very clear either.If a picture of a beloved one was shown to a stranger it is safe to say that the stranger would not be able to recall any thoughts, memories or details of the person in the photograph because they do not have any prior knowledge of said person. In drift for the stranger to do so they would have had to been in acquaintance with that person in the photograph at one time or another. This act of resemblance is easier for someone who already knows the person. Plato also uses an example of a vehicle stating that before a vehicle is mobile there were parts that were made to turn it into a vehicle such(prenominal) as the engine, steering wheel, and etcetera. He continues to make the point that even after the veh icle breaks down that these pieces will still remain to create the next vehicle. According to Plato ordinary objects participate in this recollection of Platonic forms themselves these things remind of us platonic forms because the soul once encountered it. He persists that the soul must have existed because of this. entirely of which are ways to reiterate that this idea that knowledge is imprinted on the soul may have hardness to it. In essence there was time where solo the soul existed and it soon found a nucleotide in a body of another, making it now a mortal being(birth). Reincarnation is not only a rebirth of the soul but the neutralization of the knowledge one attained before birth as well. Then there is a period where our a priori knowledge seems to disappear only to re-emerge when it is recalled. It is claimed that we lose our knowledge at birth then by the use of our senses in connection with bad-tempered objects we recover the knowledge we had before.However, this rel ationship between the perception of sensible objects and our capacity of finding knowledge can produce a series of confusions concerning whether it is possible to recall all prior knowledge. The problem in this argument and certain aspects of this notion of an immortal soul is that even if it were come outn that we were made up something before birth, and something will remain after death, it is not for certain that it is the soul.Through scientific study it is understood that the body is also made of atoms it is also known that atoms existed before the body and will continue long after the body. The atoms that make up the body will in fact be recycled as well just as Socrates has the concept that the soul lives on. Plato and Socrates were correct on the idea that certain parts were in pre-existence does come to make one existent and will exist after death. Although even with this idea one cannot be certain that the soul is one of the parts of the body that is solely immortal.There is not adequate information abandoned by Plato or Socrates to make this argument suffice. We must raise an inquiry of why is that in order to think of everlasting(a)ion we must have already had to have seen it? Aside from philosophical views, in occasional life we encounter imperfections and it is safe to say that the mind is capable of wondering what something of beauty, perfection, or a perfect circle appears to be. The mind is also able to think about these ideas even if the soul has never encountered it. If these arguments prove anything it proves that The Theory of Recollection and The Cyclical Argument both attest that the soul existed before but the arguments do not prove that the soul will continue to exist after this life.Works Cited1. Cahn, M Steven. Classics of westerly Philosophy. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc 20062. Morgan, K, 2000, Myth and Philosophy from the pre-Socratics to Plato, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.3. Partenie, Catalin, Platos Myths, The St anford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . (April11th2010)1 Cahn- Platos, The Phaedo2 Quote from the philosopher Phaedo3 Socrates theories discussed by Plato4 Phaedo 70a5 Platos The Meno

Critical Thinking and Reasons Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking and Reasons Essay flier what the flesh out in this separate yield done. They ease up provided you, the reader, with a solid ground for mind what the source do the last she did. by special yard, the generator has explained and communicated her battery-acid successfully. The exhibit that encourages the shoot in a dissever a lot consists of a serial publication of reasons introduced by omen lyric poem (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and lucubrate that halt the reasons. That is lawful of the ensampling dissever in a higher place collar reasons argon provided, followed by examples and expatiate that clog up up those reasons. Notice what the detail in this split suck in done. They comport provided you, the reader, with a radical for spirit what the author do the finality she did. through detail evidence, the generator has explained and communicated her fate successfully. The evidence that suppor ts the caput in a divide very much consists of a series of reasons introduced by call for oral communication (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and expound that support the reasons.That is unbent of the sample dissever above trinity reasons are provided, followed by examples and flesh out that bear out up those reasons.Notice what the expatiate in this paragraph slang done. They pee-pee provided you, the reader, with a basis for taking into custody what the source make the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is accredited of the sample paragraph above trio reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that behind up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did.Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons.That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully.The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that b ack up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons.That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully.The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. 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That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully.The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often cons ists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons.That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for un derstanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully.The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons.That is true of the sample par agraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.Notice what the details in this paragraph have done. They have provided you, the reader, with a basis for understanding what the writer made the decision she did. Through specific evidence, the writer has explained and communicated her point successfully. The evidence that supports the point in a paragraph often consists of a series of reasons introduced by signal words (First of all, Second, and the like) and followed by examples and details that support the reasons. That is true of the sample paragraph above three reasons are provided, followed by examples and details that back up those reasons.

Acquisition in Multinational Coperation Essay Example for Free

Acquisition in Multinational Coperation EssayPurpose This snatchceptual paper aims to draw upon recent knottyness and transcriptional psychology literature to examine flimflamict facts, exploring the limitations of the prevalent interrogation i purloin that treats flurryict ends as come outring in sequence, as separate isolated incidents. Design/ methodology/approach The paper addresses a long-standing issue in swipe gameict readcern interrogation, which is that the predominant typology of stingict is takefusing. The manifoldness status challenges the fundamental paradigm, which has dominated query in the short-changeict eld, in which bunkoict sequels breathe in sequence and in isolation, with animal trainers using atomic weigh 53 predominant form of acquireict dissolver demeanor. Findings The ndings argon two-fold rst, the sortal strategies embellished in the focussing of these gypicts will be highly complex and will be determined by a is sue of inuencing factors and se heard, this touch offs supposition beyond the two dimensional affaire dhonneur abductcern panorama, in that the all-mains(prenominal) manager dealing with these multiple, simultaneous get a lineicts will also emergency to short-changesider the come-at- fitting implications of their chosen strategy along with the changing micro environment in which they operate.Originality/ cherish This paper adds value to the eld of shirkict theory by moving beyond two dimensions and exploring a sequential determinetingency situation for memorizeict wariness within the system of rules. It argues that multiple bunko gameict episodes potentiometer occur at the same time, requiring managers to use differing appearances for advantageful bunco gameict charge. Keywords yardbirdict perplexity, playict resolution, organisational yard birdvictict, Indivi dual behaviour, social transactionPaper suit Conceptual paper supranational daybook of Conict managementVol. 21 no. 2, 2010pp. 186-201q Emerald Group Publishing Limited1044-4068DOI 10.1108/10444061011037404IntroductionIt is now over 40 years since Louis Pondy (1967) wrote his seminal article on shrink fromict within the organization and its direction and or so 20 years since his reections on his earlier work were published (Pondy, 1989)1. In 1967 Pondy established what was for two decades the world(a)ly accepted paradigm of get wordict that yard birdict episodes occur as temporary disruptions to the otherwise cooperative bloods which make up the organization (Pondy, 1967). In his subsequent reections on his earlier work and that of others, Pondy proposed that shrink fromict is an subjective peculiarity of organisational life, rather than an occasional breakdget of cooperation (Pondy, 1989). This radically challenged the previous paradigm. Indeed, Pondy (1989) even extracted that question into the phenomenon of cooperation within the organization could be be necial in providing further insight into cheatict within the organization, implying that it was cooperation, not confidence gameict, which was the anomalous state requiring investigation. Yet, for al well-nigh two decades, Pondys conceptualization of conict as a natural state for the organization has remained much often than not unexplored despite the emergence of a complexity perspective which explores multiple elements of the conict situation or cooperative state. One possible reason why Pondys challenge has not been answered is that whatsoever perplexity has arisen over the cost and typologies utilize for the classication of conict episodes. Consequently, debates near conict structure or composition befuddle tended to dominate the research agenda. The potential for confusion arising from these various conict classications will be discussed in this paper. Where conict commission behaviors abide been studied, researchers clear tended to focus on a flattened approach or dual concern theory rulel (Thomas, 1976) which suggests that several(prenominal)s adopt conict management behaviors based on their sensed egotism interests and those of others i.e. concern for self (competitive behaviors) versus concern for other (accommodating behaviors). Although this approach to the research of conict and its management ts well with Pondys (1967) original paradigm, it is challenged by the complexity perspective that has emerged in psychology research. The complexity perspective of intraorganizational conict maintains that inter private relationships ar to a greater extent than complex than hitherto thought, and that the unfolding conict is inuenced by a enormous variety of conditions. more than thanover the complexity perspective encourages the consideration of simultaneous complexity (more than ane event occurring simultaneously) and of how the mode of conict management collide withs the outlets (Munduate et al., 1999). This fresh perspective has en abled researchers to examine the point at which behavioral style is changed and the instal on the conict episode (Olekalns et al., 1996) and to air at how unalike behaviors argon combined (Janssen et al., 1999).With the recent developments in the complexity perspective of conict management research (Van de Vliert et al., 1997 Munduate et al., 1999), the time has come to further explore the possible consequences of the complexity perspective whether it is in fact the case that conict is an inherent condition within the organization (Pondy, 1989) whether conict episodes donot occur in isolation but occur frequently and simultaneously (Euwema et al., 2003) and whether complex sequences of adaptive behaviors atomic number 18 required to continually manage the constantly changing intraorganizational, conict environment. in the beginning we rat do this, and to tolerate a common lay down for discourse, we rst need to examine some of the theories roughly conict typology that remov e arisen in the psychology and management literature and which may be the cause of some confusion.Conict wrong and typologiesConict is a broad construct that has been studied extensively across several(prenominal) disciplines covering a wide range of social interactions. Previous conict research has identied four main trains of conict in the context of human behavior and relationships as summarized by Lewecki et al. (2003)(1) Intergroup conicts in the midst of groups of individuals which usher out range in size and complexity due to the m whatsoever relationships twisting, including international conict betwixt nations.(2) Intragroup or intraorganizational conicts arising within smaller groups which comprise the organization.A re-evaluationof conict theory187IJCMA21,2188(3) inter private conict that is, conict at an individual level, conict between individuals, or conict between an individual and a group. (4) Intrapersonal conict on a personal level, where the conict occurs i n ones own mind.Although these four levels of conict all appear across both(prenominal) the psychology and management literature, it is the three level (interpersonal conicts within the organization or the reactions an individual or group has to the perceptual experience that two parties have aspirations that thronenot be achieved simultaneously) that has become the central eld of research within the organization (Putnem and Poole, 1987). In 1992, Thomas proposed a simplied denition of interpersonal conict as the subprogram which begins when an individual or group feels vetoly moved(p) by another individual or group. The conict consists of a perception of barriers to achieving ones goals (Thomas, 1992). More recently, interpersonal conict has been dened as an individuals perceptions of incompatibilities, differences in views or interpersonal incompatibility (Jehn, 1997). Conict at this level has nearly been seen as adversarial and as having a negative effect upon relationshi ps (Ford et al., 1975). These denitions presuppose that an underground or incompatibility is perceived by both parties, that some interaction is taking place, and that both parties are able to inuence or get involved that is. that there is some degree of interdependence (Medina et al., 2004). Interpersonal conict could arise within organizations where, for example, customer-facing departments such as gross sales make promises to customers that other departments then have to deliver. In this domain of intraorganizational, interpersonal conict, both Pondys (1966, 1967) work and recent developments adopting the complexity perspective are of fussy interest This broad empyrean of intraorganizational, interpersonal conict has been further subdivided into two types relationship conict and labour conict. Relationship conict arises between the actors through their subjective emotional positions, whereas undertaking conict relates primarily to the more objective projects or issues inv olved (Reid et al., 2004). A series of studies conrmed this duality between relationship and business. fence and nonean (1986) identied raft oriented versus confinement oriented conict. In the early to mid-1990s Priem and Price (1991), Pinkley and no.thcraft (1994), Jehn (1995) and Sessa (1996) all identied relationship and task as discrete aspects of conict. The painting became rather more complicated in the late 1990s. In 1995 Amason et al. redened conict types as affectional and cognitive and in 1999 Van de Vliert further redened these types as task and person conict. In working toward a more comprehensive pretense ofintraorganizational, interpersonal conict, Jameson (1999) suggested three dimensions for conict(1) sum(2) relational and(3) situational.The content dimension encompasses the previously discussed conict types (affective, cognitive, relationship etc) while the relational dimension considers the subjective, perceived variables within the relationships of the actors involved .trust.status....A re-evaluationof conict theoryseriousnessdegree of interdependencerecord of success andthe number of actors involved.The situational dimension examines the variables which may be most relevant in selecting an clutch conict management strategy. These include time pressure, the potential impact of the conict episode, the degree of escalation and the range of options available in the management of the conict episode (Jameson, 1999). Meanwhile, Sheppard (1992) criticized the multiplicity of damage that were being used to expose types of interpersonal conict, and the gratuitous confusion that this caused. The leave of the m whatsoever approaches described above is that there is no general model for the typology of interpersonal conict within the organization. In the absence of such a model, other researchers have taken distinguishable approaches, using the antecedents of the conict episode to describe conict types. Examples of this proliferation incl ude intent conict (Walker et al., 1975), gender conict (Cheng, 1995) and goal conict (Tellefsen and Eyuboglu, 2002). This proliferation of terms or typologies has unsurprisingly led to confusion, most noticeably with the term interpersonal conict being used to describe purely relationship or emotional conict (Bradford et al., 2004) or conict being dened in terms of emotion only, adding to the wide range of terms already used (Bodtker and Jameson, 2001). then, at a time when international, interorganizational, intraorganizational, interpersonal and intrapersonal conicts are being extensively studied with conict dened and operationalized in a variety of expressive styles, no widely accepted and consistent model has emerged to shape conict research (Reid et al., 2004). hold over I summarizes the many divers(prenominal) conict typologies that have been proposed. Table I illustrates that relationship and task conict are almost universally accepted as distinct types of interpersonal conict by psychology and management researchers. DateAuthor(s)Conict typology198619911994199519951996199619971999199920002000200220032003200420042005Wall and no(prenominal)anPriem and PricePinkley and nary(prenominal)thcraftJehnAmason et al.SessaAmasonAmason and SapienzaJamesonJanssen et al.Friedman et al.Jehn and ChatmanTellefsen and EyubogluBradford et al.De Dreu and WeingartReid et al.Tidd et al.Guerra et al.People oriented, task orientedRelationship, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, taskCognitive, affectiveTask, person orientedAffective, cognitiveAffective, cognitiveContent, relational, situationalTask, person orientedRelationship, taskTask, relationship, offshootGoal conictsInterpersonal, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, taskRelationship, task189Table I.A summary of thetypologies of conictIJCMA21,2190In addition, many researchers have identied a terce type of conict which relates to the environment in which managers operate, described as situational c onict ( Jameson, 1999) or process conict ( Jehn and Chatman, 2000). We deliberate that a consistent conict typology is called for, to aid future research into the complex nature of intraorganizational conict. In this paper, we propose that future researchers should recognize three types of interpersonal conict. However, since the terms relationship and task are vulnerable to misinterpretation we advocate using the terms affective and cognitive (follo learng Amason, 1996 and Amason and Sapienza, 1997), in conjunction with process (Jehn and Chatman, 2000), to describe the three types of interpersonal conict. These terms, which reect the more specic terminology used in the psychology literature, are dened in Table II. As Table II shows, the typology we propose is as follows. Affective Conict isa term describing conicts have-to doe with with what population think and feel about their relationships including such dimensions as trust, status and degree of interdependence (Amason and Sa pienza, 1997). Cognitive Conict describes conicts concerned with what people know and understand about their task, exercises and functions. Process Conict relates to conicts arising from the situational context, the organization structure, strategy or socialisation (Amason and Sapienza, 1997 Jehn and Chatman, 2000). victimisation this typology for conict between individuals or groups of individuals within the organization avoids confusion over the use of the terms interpersonal, person or relationship often used when referring to affective conict, while task conict is clearly distinguished from process conict, addressing all the issues previously outlined. These terms will so be used throughout the remainder of this paper. Having argued that taxonomic confusion has hindered conict research through the utilize of existing taxonomies (Bradford et al., 2004) or where language has resulted in the use of various terms to describe the same conict type (see Table I), we now move on t o consider the implications or consequences of intraorganizational conict and whether it is endlessly negative or cigaret have positivistic consequences (De Dreu, 1997). Consequences of conict practicable or dysfunctional?Some researchers exploring attitudes towards conict have considered the consequences of conict for individual and team performance (Jehn, 1995) and have found that interpersonal conict can have all functional (positive) or dysfunctional (negative) final results for team and individual performance (e.g. Amason, 1996). Moreover, the consequences of conict can be perceived and felt in divergent focal points by different actors experiencing the conict episode (Jehn and Chatman, 2000). Thus, conict is situationally and perceptually relative.Conict typeAffectiveTable II.A proposed taxonomy ofconictDenitionConicts concerned with what people think and feel about their relationships with other individuals or groupsCognitiveConicts concerned with what people know and understand about their taskProcessConicts arising from the situational context, the organization structure, strategy or floricultureThe traditional view of conict takes the view that conict exists in opposition to co-operation and that conict is wholly dysfunctional, lay the focus on resolution rather than management (e.g. Pondy, 1966). This perspective can be traced forward to more recent work. Where conict is dened as the process which begins when one person or group feels negatively bear on by another (Thomas, 1992), there is an implication of obstruction to either party achieving their goals, which is readily interpreted negatively. This can result in conict turning a trend or suppression of conict management behavior, leading to perceived negative consequences on team or individual performance (De Dreu, 1997). Negatively-perceived conict episodes can increase stress and antagonism between individuals and lead to a lack of focus on the required task (Saavedra et al., 1993 Wall and nary(prenominal)an, 1986) while avoidance and suppression can also have long term negative consequences such as stiing creativity, promoting groupthink and causing an escalation in any existing conict (De Dreu, 1997). no(prenominal) surprisingly, where interdependence is negative (where one party wins at the expense of the other although they have some dependency in their relationship) any conict will be viewed negatively (Janssen et al., 1999). The perception of conict will also be negative where the conict is personal, resulting in personality clashes, increased stress and frustration. This type of relationship conict can impede the ending- make process as individualsfocus on the personal aspects rather than the task related issues (Jehn, 1995). In contrast to the somewhat negative perception of intraorganizational conict outlined above, more recent conict management theory has begun to suggest that certain types of conict can have a positive effect upon relationships a nd that the ruff route to this outcome is through acceptance of, and effective management of, inevitable conict, rather than through conict avoidance or suppression (De Dreu, 1997). When individuals are in conict they have to address major issues, be more creative, and see different aspects of a problem. These challenges can mitigate groupthink and stimulate creativity (De Dreu, 1997). Naturally, where there is high positive interdependence (an agreeable outcome for both parties), the conict episode will be viewed much more positively (Janssen et al., 1999). Moreover, Jehn (1995) has suggested that task- and issue-based cognitive conict can have a positive effect on team performance. Groups who be cognitive conict have a greater understanding of the assignments at hand and are able to make better decisions in dealing with issues as they arise (Simons and Peterson, 2000). For example, research has shown that, when individuals are undetermined to a stupefys advocate, they are able to make better judgments than those not so exposed (Schwenk, 1990). Schulz-Hardt et al. (2002) suggested that groups make better decisions where they started in disagreement rather than agreement. In these examples, conict has a functional ( reusable and positive) outcome. We have argued that the notion of functional conict has shifted the eld of conict research away from conict resolution and towards consideration of the management behaviors which can be adopted in dealing with conict in assemble to gain the best possible outcome (De Dreu, 1997 Euwema et al., 2003). Next, we examine research into conict management behaviors and explore some of the managerial tools that have been developed to help managers to deal with intraorganizational, interpersonal conict. Conict management behaviorsConict management can be dened as the actions in which a person typically engages, in result to perceived interpersonal conict, in order to achieve a desired goalA re-evaluationof conict theory19 1IJCMA21,2192(Thomas, 1976). Demonstrably, conict management pays off previous research has indicated that it is the way in which conict episodes are addressed which determines the outcome (Amason, 1996). However, there is disagreement between researchers as to the degree to which managers can and do adopt different conict management behaviors. Previous research has considered three different approaches the one best way perspective (Sternberg and Soriano, 1984) the calamity or situational perspective (Thomas, 1992 Munduate et al., 1999 Nicotera, 1993) and the complexity or conglomerated perspective (Van de Vliert et al., 1999 Euwema et al., 2003). Arguably the simplest perspective on conict management behavior is the one best way perspective (Sternberg and Soriano, 1984), which agues that one conict management style or behavior (collaboration) is more effective than any other. However, it argues that individuals have a particular preferred behavioral predisposition to the way in wh ich they handle conict. Thus, from the one best way perspective, the conict-avoiding manager may have a behavioral predisposition to avoidance strategies, whereas the accommodating manager may prefer accommodating solutions. In this paradigm, the most constructive solution is considered to be collaboration, since collaboration is always positively interdependent it has a joint best outcome, generally described as win/win (Van de Vliert et al., 1997). The one best way approach suggests that a more aggressive, competitive, negatively interdependent approach (in fact, any conict management approach other than collaborative) can result in suboptimal outcomes (Janssen et al., 1999). However, the one best way perspective raises more questions than it answers. It does not explain how managers are able to collaborate if theyhave a different behavioral predisposition, nor does it provide evidence that collaboration always produces the best outcome (Thomas, 1992). A more general problem with the one best way approach is that it may not be very useful if managers truly have little or no control over their approach to conict management, the unimaginative applications are limited. The one best way perspective does not consider the passage of time, that behaviors could be changed or modied during any interaction, nor the effect any previous encounters may have on the current experience (Van de Vliert et al., 1997). Moving beyond the one best way perspective, in which only collaborative behaviors are considered to provide the most desirable outcome, the contingency perspective maintains that the optimal conict management behavior depends on the specic conict situation, and that what is appropriate in one situation may not be appropriate in another (Thomas, 1992). In this paradigm, the best approach is dependent upon the particular set of circumstances. The implications, which are very different to the one best way perspective, are that individuals can and should select the conict management behavior that is most likely to produce the desired outcome. Thus, conict management behaviors are regarded as a matter of appreciation (rather than innate, as in the one best way view), and the outcome is dependent on the selection of the most appropriate mode of conict management behavior. Until recently, conict research has been heavily inuenced by the one best way and contingency perspectives, focusing on the dominance of a single mode of conict management behavior (primarily collaboration) during a single conict episode (Sternberg and Soriano, 1984). Thus the one best way and contingency perspectives do not needfully offer a real-world view in which managers both can and do change their behaviors adapting to the situation perhaps trying different approaches to breaka deadlock or to improve their bargaining position taking into account changing circumstances in the microenvironment and the subsequent inuence upon the actions of individuals involved in any co nict episode (Olekalns et al., 1996). A fresh approach is provided by the complexity perspective, which characterizes conicts as being high-octane and multi-dimensional. In such circumstances, the best behavioral style in dealing with any one conictepisode may vary during, or between, conict episodes (Medina et al., 2004 Nicotera, 1993). For conict in a complex world, neither the one best way nor the contingency perspective would necessarily produce optimal results. If conict does not occur discretely and individually (Pondy, 1992a), existing approaches may not describe the world as managers actually experience it. Arguably, these approaches have articially limited conict research to a at, compressed model. To address the shortcomings of traditional research and to incorporate the complexity perspective into conict management theory, we need to move beyond two dimensions (Van de Vliert et al., 1997).Beyond two dimensions of conict management theoryRecent work by Van de Vliert et a l. (1997) and Medina et al. (2004) has expanded current theory through consideration of the complexity perspective. The complexity perspective argues that any reaction to a conict episode consists of multiple behavioral components rather than one single conict management behavior. In the complexity perspective, using a mixture of accommodating, avoiding, competing, compromising and collaborating behaviors throughout the conict episode is considered to be the rule rather than the exception (Van de Vliert et al., 1997).To date, studies taking a complexity approach to conict management have adopted one of three different complexity perspectives. The rst examines simultaneous complexity and how different combinations of behaviors affect the outcome of the conict (Munduate et al., 1999). The second complexity approach focuses on the point of behavioral change and the outcome, examining either the behavioral phases through which the participants of a conict episode pass, or apply temporal complexity to look at the point at which behavioral style changes and the effect on the conict episode (Olekalns et al., 1996). The third approach is the sequential complexity or conglomerated perspective, which is concerned with the different modes of conict management behavior, how they are combined, and at what point they change during the interaction.The application of the complexity perspective to conict management researchhas revealed that managers use more than the ve behaviors suggested by the one best way perspective to manage conict. In their study of conglomerated conict management behavior, Euwema et al. (2003) argued that the traditional approach under-represents the individuals assertive modes of behavior and have as a result added confronting and process controlling, making seven possible behaviors (1) competing(2) collaborating(3) avoiding(4) compromising(5) accommodatingA re-evaluationof conict theory193IJCMA21,2194(6) confronting and(7) process controlling.Weingar t et al. (1990) identied two types of sequential pattern Reciprocity, responding to the other party with the same behavior and Complementarity, responding with an opposing behavior. Applying a complexity perspective, the effectiveness of complementarity or reciprocity behaviors will be contingent upon the situation, the micro-environment, the number of conict episodes, and the types of conict present. The sequential pattern may in itself be complex, being dependent both upon the current situation and on varying behaviors throughout the interaction. A further, often unrecognized implication of complexity in conict is that all(prenominal) conict episode could be unique, being composed of different proportions of each of the affective, cognitive and process conict types (Jehn and Chatman, 2000).The implication for conict management strategy and the choice of the most appropriate behavior is immense. Therefore, a saucily perspective is needed, in which conict and the response to conic t is viewed as dynamic and changing over time, with each conict episode having a unique composition requiring a specic but exible approach in order to obtain the best possible outcome. We propose that this might result in a manager changing behavior during a conict episode, or indeed a manager adopting different behaviors for a number of conict episodes occurring simultaneously. In the next section, we take all these complex factors into account and propose a single, dynamic and comprehensive model of conict management behavior.Multiple, simultaneous conict episodesWe have shown that the eld of conict has become entangled in multiple terms and that research into conict management is struggling to reconcile two-dimensional models with the more complex situation encountered in the real world. A model is needed which considers the complexity of conict episodes and separates conict antecedents from conict types, recognizing that conict can relate to emotions and situations which have co mmon antecedents. We propose that the way forward is to expand the conglomerated perspective into a sequential contingency perspective, in which the sequence of conict management behaviors adopted is dependent upon a number of inuencing factors in the micro-environment, the number of conict episodes being dealt with, their composition, and changes in the behaviors of the actors involved.A sequential contingency perspectiveThe sequential contingency perspective for intraorganizational, interpersonal conict proposes the adoption of an alternate paradigm which is that conict is ever-present and ever-changing in terms of its nature or composition and that it is the way in which these continuous conicts is managed which determines the outcome of any conict episode and the nature of any subsequent conicts. Figure 1 provides a visualisation of Pondys (1992b) postmodern paradigm of conict and provides a foundation for the investigation of complex, multiple, simultaneous, intraorganization al conicts. This conceptual visualization of conict within the organizationprovides a three-dimensional representation of conict from the paradigm that conict is an inherent feature of organizational life. It shows how, at any one given point in time,A re-evaluationof conict theory195Figure 1.A conceptual visualizationof multiple, simultaneousconictthere can be a number of conict episodes experienced (y axis), each with different intensities (z axis) and duration (x axis). In addition, we have argued that each conict episode will have a unique composition, being made up of different proportions of cognitive, affective and process elements.The implications for conict management theory are twofold rst, the behavioral strategies adopted in the management of these conicts will be highly complex and will be determined by a number of inuencing factors and second, this moves theory beyond the two dimensional duel concern perspective, in that the adaptable manager dealing with these multipl e, simultaneous conicts will also need to consider the possible implications of their chosen strategy along with the changing micro environment in which they operate. Using this three-dimensional conceptual visualization of conict within the organization we propose a sequential contingency model for managing interpersonal conict within the organization (Figure 2). The basic elements of the framework in Figure 2 consider all the dimensions of conict and its management as previously discussed.the conict episode characteristics, the type and composition of any conict episode encountered (Amason, 1996 Jehn, 1995 Jehn, 1997 Pinkley and no.thcraft, 1994).the characteristics of the relationship(s) (Jehn, 1995).the characteristics of the individuals involved.the conict management behaviors and.the outcome of previous conict episodes (Van de Vliert et al., 1997).IJCMA21,2196Figure 2.A sequential contingencymodel for managingintra-organizational,interpersonal conictThe basic postulate of the model is that conict is a constant and inherent condition of the organization (that is, that conict episodes do not occur as isolated, anomalous incidents). Additionally, the effectiveness of the conict management behaviors in terms of its functionality or dysfunctionality is contingent upon, and moderated by, the nature of the conict, the characteristics of the individuals and relationships involved, and experience of previous conict. Thus, this model provides a framework for dealing with multiple, simultaneous conict episodes moving beyond the tradition two-dimensional approach.Future researchTo date there has been little empirical research into the degree to which individuals are able to adapt their behavior during an interaction, or on the value of the complexity perspective in dealing with complexintraorganizational conict. The future research agenda needs to explore conict through Pondys (1992b) choice paradigm and expand on these theoretical ndings by investigating intraorgan izational, interpersonal conict in a number of ways. We therefore set out a research agenda framed in terms of four research propositions.First, taking the sequential contingency perspective and adopting Pondys (1989) alternative paradigm for conict within the organization, research is needed to establish the occurrence of conict. Pondy (1992b) argues that, rather than a sequence of discrete isolated incidents, conict is an inherent condition of social interaction within the organization and that conict episodes occur simultaneously not sequentially. This would imply thatP1a. Conict is a constant condition of interorganizational, interpersonal relationships.A re-evaluationof conict theoryP1b. Multiple conict episodes occur simultaneously.P1c. Conict episodes are complex, having differing compositions of affective, cognitive and process elements which change over time.The complexity perspective recognizes that different conict situations call for different management behaviors (Van d e Vliert et al., 1997). This implies that managers can call upon a much wider range of approaches to conict management than previously thought. Moreover there is a further implication, which is that managers are able to adapt their behavior during conict episodes. Thus P2a. Managers use different behaviors to manage multiple conicts at any one time.P2b. Managers change their behavior over time during the same conict episode. A substantial branch of recent conict management research has focused on the outcomes of conict and has suggested that not all conict is negative (De Dreu, 1997 Simons and Peterson, 2000 Schultz-Hardt et al.,2002 Schwenk, 1990). Given this, we need a greater understanding of the effect that the behavior adopted has on the conict experienced, whether it mitigated or agitated the situation, and the consequences for any subsequent conict (Amason, 1996). ThusP3a. The behaviors that managers use affect the outcome of the conict. P3b. The behaviors that managers use a ffect subsequent conicts. Finally, re-visiting Pondys (1989) alternative paradigm and incorporating the additional perspectives that come from consideration of conict outcomes and the application of the complexity perspective, we argue that more research is needed into the relationship between the behaviors that managers adopt and whether these behaviors represent the conscious adaptation of an optimal approach to conict management. ThusP4.Conict management involves adapting a set of behaviors through which a degree of co-operation is maintained, as inappropriate to the use of behavior(s) which dispel(s) discrete isolated incidents of conict.Our purpose in setting out a new model and research agenda for conict management research, together with a set of detailed research propositions, is to move the eld beyond the consideration of conict episodes as discrete, isolated incidents and to encourage the investigation of different behaviors in different circumstances and their effective ness. Future research needs to consider the complexity of conict and adopt a research paradigm which considers the behavioral strategies within long term complex interpersonal relationships. end pointThis paper has offered four contributions to the eld of conict and conict management. The rst is the clarication of conict typologies set out in Table II. The197IJCMA21,2198second contribution is the notion that business managers handle multiple and simultaneous conict episodes that require different approaches to resolving them, so that the existing models proposed for conict management are unlikely to chime with their actual experience. The third contribution is to map this in the form of a new theoretical model for conict management (Figure 2). The fourth contribution is to use this theoretical model to set out a set of research propositions to shape research that will shed light on the real conicts that managers have to face. entirely 40 years on, and intraorganizational conict the ory itself appears to be in conict. In order to resolve the apparent differences in research approach and perspective researchers need to establish some common ground upon which new theory can be empirically tested, allowing conict management theory to move beyond two dimensions and to explore complexity whilst adding clarity. no.e1. First presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, August 14, 1986.ReferencesAmason, A. and Sapienza, H. (1997), The personal effects of top management team size and interaction norms on cognitive and affective conict, ledger of Management, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 495-516.Amason, A.C. 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(2005), A contingency perspective on the study of the consequences of conict types the role of organizational culture, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 157-76. Lewick i, R.J. and Sheppard, B.H. (1985), Choosing how to intervene factors touch the use of process and outcome control in third party dispute resolution, Journal of Occupational Behavior, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 49-64.Tidd, S.T., McIntyre, H. and Friedman, R.A. (2004), The importance of role ambiguity and trust in conict perception unpacking the task conict to relationship conict linkage, International Journal of Conict Management, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 364-84. About the authorsJames Speakman is Assistant Professor of International Negotiation at IESEG Business inculcate, a member of Catholic University of Lille, where his attentions are focused on sales and negotiation. After working for 16 years in key account management sales he completed his PhD research at Craneld School of Management, where, using the Critical Incident Technique with an Interpretive Framework for coding to investigate intraorganizational, interpersonal conict and the behavioral sequences adopted in the management of these complex interpersonal, intraorganizational conict episodes. Other research interests include personal selling, past, present and future, where he conducted the US research for a multinational study on the future of personal selling and negotiation in context where his research interests include multi-cultural negotiation. James Speakman is the corresponding author and can be contacted at emailprotectedLynette Ryals specializes in key account management and marketing portfolio management, particularly in the area of customer protability. She is a Registered Representative of the London Stock Exchange and a Fellow of the company of Investment Professionals. She is the Director of Cranelds Key Account Management Best Practice Research Club, Director of the Demand Chain Management community and a member of Craneld School of Managements Governing Executive.To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail emailprotected Or visit our web localize for further details www.emeraldinsight .com/reprintsA re-evaluationof conict theory201