Procurement Purchasing Supplier

procurance get SupplierAfter having investigated briefly in general the archetype of procurance and the emergence of the fantasy of procurance , it is imperative for us in this chapter to delve in contingent the psycho perceiveest of the idea of procurance , the various theories which keep up been predicated at the international level and their relevance for our education under investigating . We would also have to critically scrutinise how the distinct models of procurance effectiveness roundments force out function us in our analysis to delve in greater detail the relevance of procural from the perspective of SOM . It is all important(predicate) that we have to undertake a holistic approach in the investigation of procurement practices and procurement effectiveness in our literature Review chapter for this forms the groundation of our secondary look into. Our primary research which would be delved in detail in the subsequent chapters would be further mount ed on the strong foundations of this chapter. In the final analysis we would be utilising in adequate measure the concepts from the secondary research as they develop in this chapter and couple it with our derivations from primary research to gain a greater in-depth understanding of procurement practices in Shell Oman and hypothesize relevant recomm differenceations and remedial solutions for bringing about effective changes in the present officeable arrangements at SOMDefinition of procuralRelevance it is important for our study to understand clearly the meaning and read phraseology behind procurement for the purposes of investigation of procurement practices in SOM . Since Procurement is an extremely broad concept which has applicability from strategic , operations and tactical level , various definitions would have to be looked into and strategically hound their level of applicability for our purpose of investigation .Procurement, purchase, and supplier instruction argon all terms apply extensively. They may mean the corresponding or sometimes may have signifi back tootht differences. Since the term procurement covers m both argonas, from operational to strategic levels, Knudsen (1999) has summarized the different terms, utilize for acquiring good and wait ons in the side by side(p) get across.LevelTermMeaningStrategicSupply focusingTo be aw ar of the strategic move of procurement and fully exploit it by formulating a supply strategyTacticalProcurementTo make full internal demands with international ascendants which adhere to objectives set at the strategic levelOperationalPurchasingThe token(prenominal) activities required to obtain external products or services that dissolvent in invoice from an external sourceTimo et al (2005), argued in their document, the quantitative definition of acquire is not accurate and suggest to a broader orbit of buy, adding pensions, new(prenominal) personnel costs, financial expenses and increase in assets within the scope. They define Purchasing as Invoices or payments based on exchange of physical objects, services or rights. There be two fundamental types of purchasing in the business world(1) Purchasing for resale and (2) purchasing for consumption or conversion (Dobler and Burt, 1996). Purchasing for resale is performed primarily by merchants. Industrial buyers buy materials, services etc. for manufacturing companies, service business, institutions, utilities, and various government agencies. other definitions of Procurement are as followsProcurement is the acquisition of formations, goods or services at the best doable summate cost of ownership, in the right quantity, at the right time,in the right place for the work out benefit or practise of the governments, corporations, or individuals generally via, only if not limited to a contract. (Project steering Body of Knowledge, 2000)Procurement is the butt of acquiring goods, works and services, covering both ac quisition from third parties and from in-ho procedure providers. The operate spans the whole demeanor from identification of need, by means of to the end of a service contract or the end of the useful life of an asset. It involves options appraisal and the critical make or buy decision which may result in the provision of services in-house in appropriate circumstances. (The Procurement process The Buyers Magazine, 2000).In the context of a procurement process, obtaining best take account for m maviny means choosing the bid that offers the optimum combination of whole life cost and benefits to meet the nodes requirement. (National Procurement schema for Local Government in England, 2003)The Importance of ProcurementRelevance The wideness of procurement in the changing face of bodily scenario of today is all the more than(prenominal) important as there is a greater strategic interface in the midst of the procurement department and the other key departments within functio nal global corporate entities . In this regard the study of importance of procurement as a terminology would help us in understanding and appreciating the strategic veer in focus of procurement operations from tactical to a crucial strategic level . This would help us in highlighting the importance of procurement practices in disposals such as SOM under investigation Many authors wrote about the importance of procurement function in todays organization and how it arsehole impact the backside line. Different terms are used in the literature, Procurement, Purchasing or Supply management but they all apply to the process of acquiring goods and services for the business, which account for a huge corporate expenditure.The chase main objectives show how the procurement function can contribute to a companys scrap (Axelsson et al, 2005) Cost optimisation (e.g. lower transaction costs and overhead costs) Asset utilisation (e.g. outsourcing and inventory management) Value creation (e. g. process/products development and pure t atomic number 53 improvement)According to Procurement strategy council, the procurement function today is viewed as an important component of a firms strategic arsenal, the modern purchasing department can reduce a firms operational expenditure through streamlined purchasing and price reductions for goods and services. The article discuss that a smart purchasing can reduce costs 20% to 30%, freeing up funds to be used elsewhere. The realization that purchasing can impact do-nothing line saving has elevated procurements strategic importance. (Procurement Strategy Council, 2001)Improving the Bottom LineReductions in Procurement Costs makely Affect Net IncomeIncome program line (in millions US$) Initial 3% Reduction in ORRevenues $1000$1000Operating Resources (OR) $350 $339Direct Materials$220$220Wages, Salaries, Benefits$200$200Depreciation$110 $110Taxes $60$60Net Income After Taxes $60$71Reducing purchasing costs translates directly into bottom line nest egg. By lowering OR costs by $11 million, a firm directly raises its after tax income by the same amount.Source (Procurement Strategy Council, 2001)Further, van Weele describes in his book, ways that procurement can contribute to the companys competitiveness. They play a critical usage in quality assurance by working with suppliers to ensure higher quality standards regarding incoming goods and services. Procurement can also effect how quickly a firm reacts to changes in demand, through change magnitude involvement in supply chain coordination and inventory management. In addition, by reducing purchasing costs the function can contribute to substantial price reductions of the end product. The leverage effect of purchasing can be considerable depending on the purchasing-to-sales ratio and the capital turnover ratio. (van Weele, 2005)Nowadays companies outsource some of their activities, increasing their reliance on the competitiveness of their suppliers. . (J. H amilton, 2002). As a support case study, the case of Toyota cars (Japan), can be highlighted, wherein 83% of all activities are outsourced form various global suppliers. (Toyota, 2000). This makes the process of procurement quintessential and in fact the roughly important, in todays business world. If a company procures the right quality products, at the right price, with the right delivery schedule, only then and then alone can it remain fertile and competitive in todays environment (Ian McMillan, 2005) This shows that if the procurement process is not right, then the company product, the company image, competitiveness et al would surely take a dive.According to van Weele, This is why management has become progressively aware of the purchasing function.Once regarded as a reactive activity, the procurement and sourcing process at leading firms is at the forefront of responding to and creating change. (Procurement Strategy Council, 2001)Within the past year, several new research i nitiatives from different relevant perspectives prove persuasively that excellence in procurement can lead to a armament of proven, quantifiable business benefits (Procurement Strategy council, 2001). Lower run costs, higher ROI, and a direct persona to the bottom line are among the principal advantages that have been documented. The increased impact from purchasing on corporate transaction is supported by a study recently conducted by IBM Business Consulting Services. In the study, called The 2005 Chief Procurement Survey, purchasing managers and other people in leading positions at companies around the world were interviewed concerning the current and time to come role of purchasing. Many reasons to the increased importance are pointed out, for example the growth in outsourcing, corporate restructuring and increased supplier take to be adding and risk. (The 2005 Chief Procurement Survey, 2005) other study, conducted by business consultancy Archstone Consulting, found that nea rly 90 percent of participants agreed that procurement plays a strategic role in the competitiveness of their organization, but ineluctably to be further elevated in the organizational hierarchy to be truly effective. (Supply and Demand set up Executives, 2004)The best-practice companies truly understand the power of procurement, says Pierre Mitchell, a director at The Hackett Group, which recently concluded an in-depth research into the procurement practices of more than 300 companies, found that world-class organizations generate 133 percent greater return on their investment in procurement than the average companies. The bottom line is that world-class companies continue to take a very different view of procurement, looking at it as an investment rather than as a cost center, says Mitchell. This is how they generate the millions of dollars in additional savings that other companies dont see. (Quinn, 2005)Ready or not, procurement is wretched to center distributor point, with top billing on the corporate agenda. At companies around the world, CEOs and boards are counting on procurement initiatives to keep their businesses favourable positioned in todays intensely competitive martplace. (The Global CPO Survey, 2005)To understand the new found omnipotence of the procurement process in organisational hierarchy, it is imperative to understand the stages of development of the process, right from its inception (Quinn, 2005).Historical ontogenesisRelevance The historical development of procurement would help us to analyse the changing face and role of global procurement practices and understand critically how over the years the concept of procurement has begun to occupy the one of the centre stages for corporate performance . As would be revealed in this section we would find that procurement can no longer be visualised as an isolated entity but has to be strongly viewed as an inherent and integral part of the process of company operations. The historical deve lopment of procurement would add on a chronological dimension to understand the growing importance of procurement over the past decades .In the early 1970s, Ansoff, opined that the purchasing process played a passive role in the business organization and did not have any strategic role. (Ellram and Carr, 1994). The 1973-74 oil crisis and related raw materials shortages drew significant anxiety to the importance of purchasing. However, top management and purchasing professionals, did not react to enhance the role of purchasing in corporate strategy until when Porter came with his famous louver force model that shape the competitive reputation of industry, identified buyers and suppliers as two of the five critical forces. Thus, the strategic importance of the supplier and the firm as a get entity began receiving recognition in the mainstream strategy literature. (Ellram and Carr, 1994). Since then 1980s the attitude toward procurement was changes and evolving to a more strategic level.According to the procurement strategy council article, the procurements movement from a tactical to a more strategic role in corporate operations is predicated on a broader shift in corporate strategy. Before World War II, purchasing departments accounted for barely 20% of corporate expenditures. Today, purchasing departments are responsible for 50% to 70% of corporate expenditures. This explanation is supported by Monczka et al. First, that the role of purchasing is presently existence reshaped in grade to fit the modern economy. This is related to the increasing globalisation, technology development and changing consumer demands. Another conclusion, according to Monczka et al, is that purchasing must continue its integration with customers, information systems, operations etc. (Monczka et al, 2000)The following table shows a compilation of strategic and operation tasks carried out in the procurement function.Strategic Procurement order necessary capabilities to match the customers needs regarding flexibility, innovation, agility, quality, responsiveness, cost levels and price levelsAssess ones own capabilities (Knowledge, technology, capacity, competence, long term importance, heart cost)Assess supplier capabilities (knowledge, technology, capacity, competency, long term imprtance, total cost, type of market, localisation, and substitutability)Model cost drives for items purchasedModel hit/ Multiple sourcing effect on total costModel how supplier relationship affect total cost (cost benefit of engaging in a close supplier relationship)For close supplier relationships component part information and knowledge and make relation-specific investmentsProcurement ProcessIdentify needsConduct market analysisSend out and expedite RFxDo Background reviewNegotiate contracts and select suppliersPurchase order fulfilmentMonitor supplier performanceInternal TasksAnalyse corporate spendingParts bundle upAggregated corporate expendituresDevelop relationships wi th internal customersReduce maverick buying and promote complianceDisseminating procurement relation informationExternal TasksScan for innovationsMonitor, disseminate and stimulateDevelop new sourcesFoster external capabilitiesSource Strategic Procurement Council, 2001.Value Improvement (Value Based Procurement The Organisational Quintessential)Relevance It is important for us to understand the concept behind jimmy improvements or pass judgment based procurement . The fact that genuine and intangible values could be quantified to procurement products and services makes the study of procurement systems all the more elicit for definitive mathematical extrapolation of the relevant results. Value systems and the ability to attribute value systems makes the procurement operational systems third-dimensional and unique . Furthermore this is a system which could be aptly applied for effecting improvements in procurement systems for SOM, because a thorough investigation of the relev ant concept is deemed important for our investigation . To be successful in business, we need to satisfy our customer by providing them with something they perceive as value. Since we are dealing with internal customers and suppliers, the concept of value becomes vital, which is directly link up to customer rejoicing. High customer delight means their needs are met at high level. The customers will be satisfied if the product or service provides them with value. The term value is used in every day business language however it is often misused and misunderstood. The concept of value has many definitions (Zeithaml, 1988 Anderson et al., 1993 Monroe, 1990 Gale, 1994 Woodruff, 1997) but generally they are not distinct. Common themes throughout these definitions are that (Dumond, 2000) client value is linked to the use of a product or service, thereby removing it from personal values node value is perceived by the customers rather than objectively determined by the seller and Custome r value typically involves a trade-off between what the customer receives (e.g. quality, benefits, price) and what he or she gives up to acquire and use a product or service (e.g. price, sacrifices).The concept of value is important for this study since our purpose is to represent value improvement initiatives to enhance the current procurement system with Shell Oman Marketing. According to Hill (2005), value can be classified under two headingsUse Value The properties and qualities that accomplish the function of service or product.Esteem value the properties, features or attractiveness that causes people to expect to own or use it.Value, therefore, consists of a combination of use and esteem properties related to the cost of providing them. However, the measure of value added is directly linked to customer merriment. The criterion of procurement activities based on traditional efficiency report, and short terms savings doesnt support value base procurement. In order to reflect shift in the focus in procurement activities, new measurement techniques must be target at those activates which reflect value to the stakeholder. (Butler, 1995). An evoke study conducted by Dumond (1994) about creating a value base procurement. Based on his finding, many firms the operating environment does not support value-based purchasing. Senior management plays a critical role in underdeveloped an environment that will support and encourage value-based purchasing, the following steps are recommendedFocus individual purchasers on customers needs and identify the value-adding processes Develop a performance measurement system that emphasizes quality, process improvement, and customer satisfaction Integrate purchasing into the firms communication system (elevate if needed) Educate-not only individual purchasers but also their customers.2.4Value Analysis manikinTo analysis value in a system, it will be useful to the use the value analysis procedure, which is discussed in Terry Hill book of Operation Management (2005). The steps involved are read the service or productGather information about itAnalysis its function and its value for billsGenerate alternative ways to provide the same function through speculation and brain-stormingAssess the worth of these ideas.Decide what is to be doneImplement the decisionsEvaluate the resultEFQM honesty ModelRelevance EFQM system analysis is extremely important for our investigation because EFQM model based on European models of operational management and graphic symbol management help us through an exhaustive interface between strategic inputs and outputs to measure the effectiveness of procurement systems and delve on the findings to derive adequate strengths and measures for any procurement operational system . Since our investigation is essentially based on finding the points of improvement in SOM and capitalising on the strengths an understanding of the relevant model is highly warranted for our investigation a nd proposed study . Moreover since EFQM model visualise the operational mechanics of procurement system from multidimensional angles it is imperative for us to investigate the mechanics of operation of EFQM model in ample details for finding the relevant applicability for our study under investigation . The European Foundation for prime(a) Management (EFQM) is wide discussed in the literature and many organizations have applied it as a quill for valueing all aspects of an organisations activities and results. According to EFQM, the model is intended to promote continuous improvement and is an aid to effective benchmarking. integrity Model was introduced at the beginning of 1992 as the framework for assessing organisations for the European Quality Award. Now it became the most widely used organisational framework in Europe and considered as the basis for the majority of national and regional Quality Awards.2.4.2Benefit of EFQMThe EFQM Excellence Modelis abusiness model toolthat c an be applied in many different waysAs a business model for being able to assess independently the competency of the organization by the organisation itself.As a measure to benchmark other organisational functioning and strategy.As an improvement tool for highlighting areas to improve.As a common denominator, standard measurement scale or a common vocabulary.As a structural guide for the management of any organisation.The fundamentals of the EFQM Excellence model are based on nine criterions which are cannot be positive and such are practical in nature and application. Five of these are Enablers and four are Results. What a particular organisation does, those factors qualify as Enablers. The achievement of an organisation qualifies as the Results Criterion. Results are caused by Enablers and Enablers are improved using feedback from Results.Excellent results with respect to Performance, Customers, People and Society are achieved through Leadership crusade Policy and Strategy that is delivered through People, Partnerships and Resources, and Processes. (Procurement modelling-a discussion, Harvard Review Press, 1996)The Fundamental Concept of EFQM Excellence Model areResults penchant Every organisation should look for the outcome of enablers to delight customers. . Customer Focus Excellence is creating sustainable customer value. Leadership and Constancy of Purpose Excellence is visionary backed by inspirational leadership, with constancy of purpose. . Management by Processes and Facts Excellence is managing the organisation through a set of interdependent and interrelated systems, processes and facts. People phylogenesis and Involvement Excellence is maximising employee contribution through employee development and involvement. Continuous Learning, Innovation and Improvement Excellence is challenging the status quo and bringing change by learning and innovation. Partnership Development Excellence is developing and maintaining value-adding partnerships. Corp orate Social Responsibility Excellence is exceeding the minimum regulatory framework in which the organisation operates and to strive to understand and respond to the expectations of their stakeholders in society(Harvard Review Press, 1996)2.5 Procurement Value Improvement theoretical account (The Shell Oman perspective)The structure of literature is in line with the value analysis framework. First, we identified the service we want to investigate, which procurement activities in Shell Oman Marketing. Secondly, we provided information about the procurement function in Shell Oman and its structure. Thirdly, we use Soft System Methodology (SSM), which is strong in analyzing a holistic situation and capture qualitative data. The SSM will only be used to develop understanding of the challenges exist in the current system. unregulated Interview is strong in determine many qualities aspect which will be useful in revealing out issues and problems that other method of research can meet t his object effectively. Therefore, to get different perception, it will be useful to carry out a survey through an interview with five key internal business stakeholders to analysis the strength and weakness of current contract and procurement activities. Fourthly, we dig in the literature and journals to search for ways of adding value improvement to procurement function. Plus, interviews with two large companies in similar field to identifying the industry best practice in procurement function. Fifthly, an analysis of all the procurement best practices generated from higher up stage, which will be discussed in chapter 4 in detail. Sixthly, in chapter 5, based on the analysis, we will recommend the way forward. Unfortunately, this research will be limited at the recommendation stage and will not have the opportunity to implement and evaluation the result.2.6The Purchasing Maturity (Organisational Stratagem)We can save that the purchasing role in providing added value has evolved and has been modified along with the importance and the place taken by purchasing in organizations. In figure 3 the main values added by purchasing are related to each of the evolution stages towards purchasing maturity (van Weele, 1998).In the initiative stage the main value added by purchasing is by assuring the continuity of the supply. In the second stage the already purchased items have an increased importance in companys costing cost structure. The role of purchasing then left is to derogate material costs and improve /up the bottom line. Stage 3 would center on co-ordination between various departments .The main values added by purchasing are greater compliance with pre-negotiated contracts, uniform buying policies and systems and capturing the benefits from internal co-ordination. The next stage lays stress on use of inter-functional teams and the reduction pf the total systems costs satisfaction of the internal customer seems to be the main focus of purchasing then. The supply orientation stage envisages the survival of the fittest of suppliers on strategic company guidelines, requirements, long-term relationships design, supplier network management and early involvement in the new product development process. In the final stage the main goal is to design the most effective and efficient value chain possible to serve the end customer. This last stage is characterized by an extensive use of cross- functional supplier development teams and a close collaboration on upgrade technology with suppliers. (Telgen Sitar, 2001)2.7 Categories of Value Added ProcurementThe literature review highlights five main categories of value added procurement which are representative and important for every organizationBetter contractsImproved purchasing efficiencyCustomer satisfaction (improved quality and service)Closer and more cooperative relationships with suppliersReduced costs, improved quality and increased time to market resulting from an early involvement of the purchasing department in the new product development process (NPD).The first four categories of values added are based on Leenders and Schiele (1999). Basically, the researcher took one aspect from each of the above categories of value added. The role of the purchasing department should be considered from all possible angles and viewpoints. There is an increasing contribution of the purchasing department in the new process development in todays organisations, with specific and special interests in -the contribution of the purchasing department in the areas of quality, cost and time to market resulting from an early involvement of the purchasing department in the NPD process.The Resource Based View of ProcurementRelevance The analysis of this model for procurement is important for adding diversity to our investigation of procurement systems and their mechanics . Resource based view of procurement is one of the important views for procurement practices from the global perspectiv e especially from the point of view of competing firms in highly chummy and competitive markets , where because of oligopoly of procurement practising firms each firm would have to build a set of unique diagnosable resources to capitalise on a