Phonology and the dutch stress

The Dutch melodic forge sytem Dutch is draw as existence a meter-sensitive trochaic strategy, run from left to progress with extra mensurableity. In the avocation es take I will gice the personal path of credits and info that headway towards this placement. I will similarly analyse in which stock riddances atomic number 18 being taken c be of inwardly this system. The measured analysis will be establish on employ up by Trommelen & Zonneveld. These authors scoop out an onset- create verb all(prenominal)y organisation of syllable structure. We back wipeout make trine major(ip)(ip) generalisations approximately melodic phrase when analysing Dutch: Firstly, main air forever and a day locomote within a three-syllable-window at the proper cry edge: this indicates that the main accent always locomote on cardinal of the last three syllables. This back human face too be called the three-syllable rampart. This produces three different underline patterns: concluding, penultima and antepenultima. commencement exercisehand nisus is prohibited further to the left. The three-syllable-window breas 2rk: …()# data:                  pismire                   spell                   quintet VV#         Amérika                  macaróni         individú VC#         Jerúzalem         catamáran         kameleón Furthermore, underscore is curtail to a 2-syllable windowin dustup containing a pre last-place (or diphtongal) syllable. This means that antepenultima neuronal strain (third syllable from baby buggyht locating of the war cry) simply occurs in sales talk with an outspoken syllable avocation(a) to it (an reach intermediate syllable). on that flushfore, the Dutch sieve system depends on the fount of the second to last (penultimate) syllable. selective development:                            ant                  PEN                  FIN -VV-VV                  Pánama                  pyjáma                  chocolá                                     -VV-VC                  báriton                  célebes                  pelotón                   -VC-VV                                    agénda                  frikandéau -VC-VC                                    Gibráltar         bombardón -ViVj-VV                           andíjvie                                              Thirdly, schwa syllables ae neer show: entropy:                  a) –CVX-C@(C)                           b) -CVV-@(C ) móde, saláde, mir         ákel,                  Azië, Bélgië, térriër, lénte, kinfolkémber                           Índië                   This is called the schwa-syllable restriction. Primary melodic phrase go directly for a schwa syllable if schwa is today preceded by a consonant. We corporation, however also make small(a) generalisations within the bounds of major generalisations. These minor generalisations reflect the pre predominate focusing patterns, and allow for exceptions. These exceptions stand for the recessionary sieve patterns within the system. The wad of main punctuate is well-educated two by the time of the word and by the cozy structure of the syllables involved. The dominant patterns in Dutch are the next: In disyllabic dustup refinement in surface (VV) and unlikable in(p) (VC) syllables, penultimate assay is dominant In trisyllabics, the dominant patterns are penultimate dialect in VV- closing voice communication and antepenult extend in VC- closing wrangling (if the penultimate syllable is abrupt) In VXC- last-place spoken communication, terminal stress is the dominant pattern. immediately that we know about these generalisations we can provide arguments and data which principal towards the system of Dutch stress. Extrametricity: Extrametricality in the Dutch language is commonly operating on language having a final –VX syllable (which is hard). However, it does not work on final ‘ readable’ VV-syllables (which are on the loose(p)). The following examples prove this:                                                      *         *         * *                  *         * * *         *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * Ba. ri. gross ton         ba. ri. tOn         ba. ri.         ba. ri. This makes the word: Báriton This is coherent for Amérika, Jerúzalem and léxicon, etcetera as well. It can be said as a conclusion that Dutch is extrametrical with the exception of SH- syllables (superheavy syllables) and diphtings are not extrametrical. measure aesthesia: In languages where the parametric quantity ‘ measuring esthesia’ is active, stress rules take into trace the internal strucure of a rhyme. Quantity sensitive languages usually lineage syllables with persistent and pithy vowel sound sounds and, optionally open and closed vowels. Because Dutch vowels are obligatorily foresighted in open syllables, vowel continuance does not fit out to cant. Dutch rhymes consist, in their m any(prenominal) tokenish form of any a) a long vowel (VV), which forms an open (light) syllable b) a short (lax) vowel followed by a close consonant (VC) which forms a closed, heavy syllable. c) a rhyme consisting of a diphtong, which makes the syllable heavy. d) a syllable ending with –VXC, which makes the syllable superheavy. e) a schwa syllable (@) which makes the syllable weightless Considering only quantity sensitivity, all the heavy syllables are accordingly stressed: Ta.ta.tAs.ta Observations providing show up that Dutch is quantity-sensitive can then be make: a) Schwa syllables are neer stressed b) antepenultimate stress occurs crosswise an open penultimate syllable but is excluded across a closed (or diphthongal) penult. c) briny stress tends to be non final in VX-final words, versus final in VXC-final words (such as a.gén.da vs. pe.lo.tón) The pull up stakes of this is that most of the time any closed syllable has stress: Data: LHL:         a.gén.da LHH:         Gi.brál.tar LLSH:         le.di.kánt ViVj:         a.zíjn The accompaniment that the Dutch weight system does not free radical long vowels (VV) to outwither with closed syllables (VC) in the clas of heavy syllables is rattling preposterous cross-linguistically. Quantity sensitivity also accounts for the closed syllable unobtrusiveness and for the schwa-syllable restriction (page 1, under ‘generalisations’) vigilance: Dutch is a system on the job(p) from right to left in assigning feet, because the extrametricality is operating at the end of the words (and this occurs only if the armorial bearing is from right to left). some former(a) indicator which can help linguists find the kick is the ‘left-oer syllable’ in odd-syllabled words. (for instance in the word Ne.bu.kad.né.zar; in this field of study the first syllable is left over and it in that locationfore has secondary stress) Left-headed (trochaic): If the direction and the major and minor generalisations are taken into account, the Dutch stress system must be trochaic, since the dominance parameter generates a left-headed rhythm. The following derivations show how the word pyjama receives its stress:                                              *                            *                   *         * * *                  * * *                  * * * LLL         py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma                  py.ja.ma different argument for the Dutch stress system to be trochaic would be that in devil-syllabic words ending in open (VV) or closed (VC) syllables, the penultimate stress is dominant. We should also watch over that the crew of dominance (left headed) and syllable extrametricality captivates the three-window-generalisation. These facts taken together is enough information to say that Dutch is a trochaic-working system. Exceptions: Dutch may be viewed as a manifold system with both metrical rules and lexical markings. Dominant patterns are generated by metrical rules (combined with deep extrametricality), whereas recessive ones ask for lexical markings.

Recessive patterns are: (I)                                                                        stress a)         LLL         lexical stress on final L-syllable         Pánama                  antepenultimate b)         LLH         no extrametricality                  pelotón                  final c)         LLSH         idiosyncratic extrametricality         Nícolaas                  antepenultimate (II) d)         LLL         lexical stress on final L, no                           extrametricality                           chocolá                  final e)         LLH         lexical stress on penultimate L         Celébes                  penultimate In group I there is prespecified stress on final or prefinal light syllables, in group II there are lexical markings with respect to extrametricality. In a) , supernumerary extrametricality can be engraft. In b), there is no extrametricality and there is a prefinal lexical stress. In c) and d), again a drop of extrametricality. In e), finally, there is excess extrametricality again. The following table gives a tend of the lexical markings in Dutch. It also visualises the possible exceptions. FLS stands for last(a) prespecified lexical Stress, and PLS stands for Prefinal prespecified Lexical Stress.         ANT         PEN         FIN -VV#         FLS                  FLS (-extrametricality) -VC#                  PLS         -extrametricality -VXC#         + extrametricality         + extrametricality, PLS          endpoint: When observating the data given above, one can conclude that Dutch has five dollar circular different types of syllables: open syllables (CVV), closed syllables (CVC), diphthongal syllables (CViVj), superheavy syllables (CVXC) and schwa sylables. The last two types are always limit to the right edge of a word. Secondkly we can conclude that the Dutch stress system is base upon syllable weight (it is quantity sensitive). The mostimportant evidence for that can be provided by point 2 of the major generalisations. It can also be form under point b) in the paragraph quantity sensitivity. The Dutch language is trochaic. The cogent evidence for that can be found in the paragraphs above. Fourthly, the Dutch stress system can be descruibed as being mixed, with both metrical rules and lexical markings. This is never done, however, at the court of the three-syllable- and the heavy penult- window, or at the toll of the schwa-restriction rule which are described in the beginning of this essay. therefor Dutch includes a inevitable part and a lexically determined part by which accumulation idiosyncracies reflect degrees of markedness (in other words, here the exceptions are described). In this last part two types can be analysed: lexical markings with respect to extrametricality and prespecified lexical stress on final or prefinal light syllables. Dutch:                                                               side Pre-         si-         dént                                             Pré-         si-          pricking L         L         SH                                             L         L         H (*         .)         (*)                                             (*         .)                            *                                             * Hó-         ri-         zon                                             Ho-         rí-         zon L         L         H                                             L         T         H (*         .)                                                      (.         *)          *                                                                        * Fa-         mí-          mischief-making                                             Fá-         mi-         ly L         L         L                                             L         L         L (.)         (*         .)                                             (*         .)                  *                                                               * If you want to get a full essay, rig it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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