Biography of Cotton Mather, Clergyman and Scientist

Memoir of Cotton Mather, Clergyman and Scientist Cotton Mather was a Puritan priest in Massachusetts known for his logical investigations and abstract works, as wells with respect to the fringe job he played in the black magic preliminaries at Salem. He was an exceptionally compelling figure in early America. As a main logical brain of his day, Mather was one of just two provincial Americans (the other being Benjamin Franklin) admitted to the esteemed Royal Society of London. However as a scholar, he likewise put stock in non-logical thoughts, specifically the presence of black magic. Quick Facts: Cotton Mather Known For: Early American Puritan priest, researcher, and powerful authorBorn: March 19, 1663 in Boston, MassachusettsDied: February 13, 1728, age 65Education: Harvard College, graduated 1678, got experts degree 1681Key Accomplishments: One of two American researchers named to renowned Royal Society of London. Creator of many works, running from handouts to monstrous works of grant and history. Early Life Cotton Mather was conceived in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 19, 1663. His dad was Increase Mather, a noticeable resident of Boston and a prominent researcher who filled in as the leader of Harvard College from 1685 to 1701. As a kid, Cotton Mather was accomplished, learning Latin and Greek, and was admitted to Harvard at 12 years old. He examined Hebrew and technical disciplines, and subsequent to getting a degree at 16 years old, planned to seek after a vocation in medication. At 19 he got a master’s qualification, and he stayed engaged with the organization of Harvard for an incredible remainder (however he was frustrated to never be approached to fill in as its leader). His own life was set apart by repeating catastrophes. He had three relationships. His initial two spouses kicked the bucket, his third went crazy. He and his spouses had a sum of 15 youngsters, yet just six lived to be grown-ups, and of those lone two outlasted Mather. Pastor In 1685 Cotton Mather was appointed in the Second Church in Boston. It was an esteemed establishment in the city, and Mather turned into its minister. From the lectern his words conveyed weight, and he in this way had significant political force in Massachusetts. He was known to have feelings on pretty much any issues, and was not bashful about communicating them. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/j6gyqgQ-DMEM-T8OEMILklSvl1I=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640472641-554b916eb94c418092157786bb318314.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OwJ8p9Itf4M37z1SmBK64pv-naw=/428x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640472641-554b916eb94c418092157786bb318314.jpg 428w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LvCYSfy6lk1kyPq-4cZTU9gAqSs=/556x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640472641-554b916eb94c418092157786bb318314.jpg 556w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rm1eY6yv6bB2hHSaDbMTTpkBMdY=/814x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640472641-554b916eb94c418092157786bb318314.jpg 814w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Yo_EXNidS81qv8cGblZ2zH6kapY=/1024x814/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-640472641-554b916eb94c418092157786bb318314.jpg src=//:0 alt=Cotton Mather's The Wonders of the Invisible World class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-15 information following container=true /> Cover sheet of Cotton Mathers The Wonders of the Invisible World, a book on black magic.  Library of Congress/Getty Images At the point when the famous preliminaries of denounced witches started in Salem in the winter of 1692-93, Cotton Mather affirmed of them, and by certain understandings effectively energized them. In the long run, 19 individuals were executed and a lot increasingly imprisoned. In 1693 Mather composed a book, Wonders of the Invisible World, which presented the defense for the extraordinary, and appeared to be an avocation for the occasions at Salem. Mather later retracted his perspectives on the witch preliminaries, in the long run considering them to have been unnecessary and unjustified. Researcher Mather had a profound enthusiasm for science since his youth, and as books about disclosures by researchers in Europe arrived at America, he ate up them. He likewise compared with logical experts in Europe, and however situated in the American provinces, he figured out how to keep awake to date with crafted by men, for example, Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle. Through an incredible span, Mather expounded on logical subjects including herbal science, space science, fossils, and medication. He turned into an expert on basic illnesses, including scurvy, measles, fevers, and smallpox. One of the significant commitments Cotton Mather made to science in early America was his help for the idea of inoculations. He was assaulted and undermined for supporting that people in general get immunizations for smallpox (an illness which had murdered a portion of his youngsters). By 1720, he was the premier American expert on inoculations. Creator Mather had unfathomable vitality as an author, and through an incredible span he distributed several works, going from flyers to heavy books of grant. Maybe his most huge composed work was Magnalia Christi Americana, distributed in 1702, which chronicled the historical backdrop of the Puritans in New England from 1620 to 1698. The book additionally fills in as something of a background marked by the Massachusetts province, and it turned into a valued and broadly read book in early America. (The duplicate claimed by John Adams can be seen on the web.) <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_mEiudmnpaT5NOSOWV3tuldB750=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702-8dcb6e405069408aa3b54d4aa745fed3.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UpChfd9CByExeFcfYAjmEP1Bf9Q=/387x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702-8dcb6e405069408aa3b54d4aa745fed3.jpg 387w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DYOysRYt93ttBwK-r2BsOF_ZI-k=/474x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702-8dcb6e405069408aa3b54d4aa745fed3.jpg 474w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/dyBPUAQoQqS3qWz1D2sdBTRzunI=/650x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702-8dcb6e405069408aa3b54d4aa745fed3.jpg 650w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mzxqt20qdSZU9D7vBac88klTizs=/1121x650/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TitlePageMagnaliaChristiAmericana1702-8dcb6e405069408aa3b54d4aa745fed3.jpg src=//:0 alt=Magnalia Christi Americana, by Cotton Mather class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-32 information following container=true /> Cover sheet of Magnalia Christi Americana, by Cotton Mather. Cotton Mather/Public Domain/Wikimedia Commonsâ His works show his run of the mill wide scope of interests. A book of articles, Political Fables, was distributed in 1692; Psalterium Americanum, a work wherein he set up the hymns with a good soundtrack, was distributed in 1718; and The Angel of Bethesda, a clinical manual, was distributed in 1722. Bonifacius, Or Essays to Do Good, which Mather distributed in 1718, offered reasonable guidance for doing benevolent acts. Benjamin Franklin acknowledged the book as having affected him as a young. Heritage Cotton Mather kicked the bucket February 13, 1728, at 65 years old. By making such a large number of composed works, Mather left a suffering heritage. He motivated Benjamin Franklin, who sought after synchronous professions as author, researcher, and political dissident. Furthermore, later American essayists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne every single recognized obligation to Cotton Mather. Sources: Cotton Mather. Reference book of World Biography, second ed., vol. 10, Gale, 2004, pp. 330-332. Storm Virtual Reference Library.Mather, Cotton. Provincial America Reference Library, altered by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, vol. 4: Biographies: Volume 2, UXL, 2000, pp. 206-212. Hurricane Virtual Reference Library.

Top Overused College Essay Topics

Top Overused College Essay TopicsStudents need to understand the five top overused college essay topics so that they can become more successful in the essay writing process. There are a lot of essay topics out there, and it can be very easy to use the same old topic as a way to pass time during the semester. In order to help students become more familiar with these topics, here are five of the most overused:Grade Distribution: This topic is generally used to rate how good students are in their assigned areas. Every student needs to be evaluated on how well they did in math, English, science, and the humanities. For example, a student might say that the English professor gave them a B in English because she felt that the student did not take enough English courses. A student who is good at math, science, and writing could also be marked down for their lack of English courses.Yet, there are some professors who tend to play this up and offer grades based on grade distributions. A studen t should know what grade distributions mean and understand why they exist. This will help the student not get caught up in this topic and make him or her less likely to be successful with the essay.Academic Analysis: This one is commonly used by professors in a short answer manner. These types of essays are usually fairly standard in length, with an introductory paragraph and a conclusion paragraph. The essay should be filled with hard facts and make the reader think about something, but without it going into too much detail that is not necessary.Many times, the information presented in this type of essay can be the core of the entire essay, but it should be kept brief and simple. If there is anything written about such a great deal, it could lose its credibility and readers will be turned off. It is also best to avoid using the idea of the essay to endorse or criticize the professor or school.Application Essay: These types of essays have been used for decades and for good reason. M any applicants want to write a well-written application essay, especially if they have done everything perfectly and just need a boost in their GPA. But this essay should be different from other essays; it should be driven by the student's own personal experience.For example, a student who was accepted to the college but had major work ethics issues should tell the story in the essay, and not some list of credentials. In addition, such an essay should contain opinions that will not get the student a failing grade. Such essays are also much easier to accomplish than the typical essay that requires too many technical terms and theory that many students do not understand.College professors want students to succeed, but they can't dictate what type of essay is needed. In fact, it is up to the student to make the essay his or her own and this will help them become more successful in the essay writing process. Be sure to understand the five top overused college essay topics, then start wr iting!

The performance of Coca Cola

The exhibition of Coca Cola The Coca Cola Company is viewed as one of the highest refreshment organizations of the business. It has its business all around the globe. It participates underway, conveyance, and advertising of non-mixed drinks in 200 nations around the world. It creates very nearly 3300 refreshments extending from stimulated drinks, organic product juices, water, milk-based refreshments and energizers and has figured out how to catch the hearts of a large number of individuals around the world. Brand building, mechanical expertise just as forceful showcasing abilities are the center skills of Coca Cola which help the organization in increasing upper hand over different organizations. Coca Colas brand is good and reliable and it took numerous years for the organization to assemble this picture. In addition to the fact that it is a most loved among numerous people, yet in addition has procured a commonly recognized name. Their image and logo can never be mixed up, which is the reason customers feel a feeling of straightforwardness when the buy the companys items. Coca-Cola is a money dairy animals in the soda pop industry. Because of its solid image name, Coca Cola will stay gainful in the soda business later on as well. The administration of the organization blends the endeavor of HR and arranges innovation alongside other center assets, for example, physical resources, showcasing aptitudes, monetary assets, and abilities and information on representatives so as to set up a successful and productive inward authoritative structure of business. The capacity of the association centers around division, coordination, and control of exercises and errands alongside stream of data inside the foundation. Likewise, the chiefs apportion obligation and power to all individuals inside the association. The Coca Company centers around procuring and holding exceptionally gifted proficient representatives in its organization so as to keep up the companys unrivaled most situation in the market . Coca Cola regards its assets as an advantage. It gives such a situation to work to its representatives that the workers build up a feeling of solidarity with the organization and do their obligations readily and in the best and productive way. The organization engages it workers by giving a security of business with the goal that they are not diverted by vulnerabilities of their future. These destinations, techniques, and projects are as of now indicated attracted advance by the organization which fills in as a rule to the administration and associations when taking choices. Additionally they agree with the associations crucial, procedures, strategies and its inner and outside situations. Since the association focuses mostly on advertising, human asset is a basic resource for the organization. Without its proficient representatives alongside their capacities and abilities, The Coca Cola Company can never be fruitful. The capacity to alter and looking into and discovering new marke ts have been of incredible assistance to Coca-Cola in turning into an image of the American culture. Since the companys alliance in 1892, a solid spotlight on development and promoting has existed. There were additionally conventional notices in the neighborhood paper however separated from this, the companys organizer Asa Candler disseminated a great many coupons with the expectation of complimentary glasses of Coca Cola such a large number of individuals would be compelled to taste it. numerous tokens that demonstrated the trademark of the organization. This kind of forceful promoting is the establishment of The Coca-Cola Companys procedure and its way of life. In the Coca-Cola Company, the divisional administrators are dependable to run the tasks in the general locale. The elements of every VP are separated into capacities, for example, HR, advancement/investigate/improvement, advertising, open issues and correspondence. Advertising, advancement, research, and improvement are the capacities which are of most extreme significance to the organization in increasing upper hands. Its for the most part in light of the fact that the organization is keen on keeping its image name promoted thus showcasing assumes a significant job. It is the obligation of the advancement, research, and improvement office that they think of something new as requested by promoting capacities. Dominant part of the top level administrators of the organization have been presented to various locales and various regions of the organization. A considerable lot of them have worked for the packaging organizations that cooperate with The Coca-Cola Company. Inferable from the way that these highest individuals have balanced foundations, they have an eye to take a gander at issues from various points. The flow target of the association is to utilize its benefits, which is in particular its image, money related quality, its top notch dissemination framework, examine and a solid duty by its admini stration and workers worldwide so as to accomplish a drawn out maintainable development. The center abilities that helps the organization in picking up its upper hand is its solid image name and its far reaching system with bottlers and merchants. Its showcasing capacities and wide arrangement of items is phenomenal and hard to impersonate. The solid brand name gives the organization a solid dealing force and influence. The organization likewise impacts customers tastes and patterns. At the point when the organization propelled Diet Coke, the organization played out a visually impaired trial with customers. The outcomes was that the customers favored a glass named Diet Coke over a glass marked Ta by 12 percent, despite the fact that the fluids in each glass was same (Plasketes, 2004). This is only its solid image name. Regardless of all these center skills and its extraordinary exhibition in the market, the organization withstands various difficulties, a considerable lot of which em erge from the way that the organization works on such a huge level. Various markets have various patterns and styles. Expends in certain business sectors are seen as wellbeing cognizant. So as to adjust to this pattern, the organization has made many eating regimen and low-calorie drinks. The organization consistently takes a stab at carrying new thoughts and advancements to acclimate to the changing business sector patterns. Because of the counter sugar patterns presented by the Atkins diet, Coca-Cola C2 was presented. It should have a similar taste as Coca-Cola however it contains a large portion of the sugars. Additionally, The Coca-Cola Company faces an issue because of social and political contrasts of each market. Its essentially on the grounds that various nations have various laws thus Coca Cola needs to keeps laws of every single nation where it works yet regardless of this, it faces solid analysis. The structure of the organization has qualities of both unthinking and natu ral modes. It is more inclined towards concentrated structure however now gradually and continuously it is moving towards decentralization. The partners of the organization are for the most part shareowners who are its packaging accomplices, government, providers, retail clients, and neighborhood networks. Since each gathering of partners have their individual objectives, this offers ascend to clashes. The investors are intrigued distinctly with regards to benefits, the nearby networks have worries about condition issues and work gauges, the providers need to charge as much as possible so as to create more income though the organization needs to keep the most minimal cost to diminish its expense of creation. The directors target keeping work costs down while the representatives focus on wage increment and expanded advantages. There are at any rate 5 various leveled levels at the corporate level. Because of its large authoritative structure, it encounters correspondence issues. One o f the issues found was that the workers and the organization didn't have clear objectives. This immense chain of command structure has messed inspiration up and that is the reason the organization is endeavoring to get workers progressively locked in. The expanded utilization of companys intranet enormously settle the correspondence hole and builds correspondence at each degree of workers and permits the administration at the highest level to impart all the more adequately to the forefront representatives. The organization is moving towards decentralization which has brought about a key auxiliary change and has influenced the organization emphatically. Deals expanded and the workers were significantly more fulfilled. The organization is attempting to build up a progressively creative culture by following the way of decentralization. The Coca-Cola Company is attempting to contend to get the best workers. The creation of drinks doesn't request talented workers yet unexpectedly, it has had issues finding the best possible staff so as to run the association. In the year 2004, The Coca-Cola Companys top decisions for the open CEO position chose not to join the organization since they hated the signals of the governing body. Due to the companys high noteworthiness in the market, the organization has the capacity to raise assets at lower cost. This offers the organization a chance to back activities, for example, development. This is of significantly more significance to the organization when the organization needs to grow or in the event that it chooses to go into new markets or to buy new brands. The organization works in an extremely alluring condition and this kind of condition is hard to foresee and control because of the worldwide idea of the activities. The organization faces a peril of diminished creation or break in its conveyance if any issue happens in the market. There is additionally a chance of laborers protesting or stoppage of work or dissemination fa lls during terrible monetary occasions. Likewise the crude materials it utilizes are reliant on explicit atmospheres. Atmosphere changes have an intense effect on cost of crude materials they require thus in a roundabout way influences the creation cost. The organization has gotten a lot of analysis for its activities in India because of the way that their packaging plants caused a lot of contamination and have harmed neighborhood water supplies. The organization has faith in utilizing various strategies so as to keep up great associations with partners, and key coalition is one of the

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay Indian physical instruction has secured a significant distance from old to present day term, during this period it has confronted such a large number of problems.1 In old time Indian games and sports were especially worried about the advancement of the body and for the craft of offense and resistance. The games were additionally considered for the sort of amusement, which assumed an indispensable job in the improvement of a keeps an eye on character. Games and sports, music, angling, drifting, singing moving and water sports, had assumed significant job in the life of human being.2 Physical Demands in Handball Handball is an Olympic game played expertly in numerous nations. Despite professionalization, this game need to logical data to expanded handball players execution. This can be because of numerous reasons, one of them is that the greater part of the exploration which has been directed in this field has been distributed in Eastern European nations and isn't promptly open to the game science network. Another explanation can be credited to the traditionalist methodology of most mentors towards physical molding for handball players. Modem handball is a quick game, portrayed by unimaginable athletic exhibitions by competitors. Truth be told, present day handball players can perform a wide range of moves like hopping, running, difference in bearings and specialized developments in brief timeframe and with a request dictated by the strategic circumstance. Players run with and without the ball, in line and with various ways, hopping, tossing, passing and getting moving or during flight speak to the specialized attributes of a modem top handball player. At that point, to exceed expectations at the most elevated levels, it is significant that preparation approachs are created on straightforward premise explicitness. The closer to the requests of the exhibition, the better the preparation is. To obey to the law of particularity we need to know precisely what are the physiological requests of handball execution. Research in Handball Handball matches have term of an hour isolated in two parts enduring 30 minutes each. During this time players spread an all out separation extending from 2000 to 6000 meters, in view of various circumstances position on the field, strategic protective and hostile attributes of the group and qualities of the game itself thus far, etc. In a work introduced by Cuesta (1988) handball players of the Spanish national group have appeared to cover the accompanying separations dependent on playing position Left wing-3557 meters, Right wing-4083 meters, Left back-3464 meters, Right back-2857 meters, Pivot player-3531 meters. The previously mentioned separations are near the ones recorded in Konzak Schake (in Cuesta, 1988) identified with DDR players. In an examination directed in Italy with a particular mechanical assembly Play Controller, (Phromos, Perugia) 5000 meters were secured by a conservative during an official match of the Italian Second association. It is critical to assert the all out removal of players on the field is influenced by a wide range of parameters. Strategic aura, position on the field, qualities of the match itself, are on the whole figures which some way can influence the measure of room secured by the players on the field. Notwithstanding, what is imperative to state is that handball players spread the complete separation rotating high-force activities (running, quick course changes, hopping) with game stages described by moderately low metabolic requests because of the low power of the activities. It very well may be said then that the metabolic requests of present day handball include the oxygen consuming and anaerobic vitality pathways. As a strong proof, Konzak and Schacke (in Cuesta, 1988), have demonstrated that, during a Handball coordinate, players perform 190 beat varieties, 279 alter of course and 16 hops. At that point, in light of what these creators state, a handball player plays out an all out 485 h igh-power developments in an hour and normal of 8 every moment, above outcomes show that handball players require parcel of physical limit during match circumstance. Need of Assessment in Handball Group handball is an intricate game, which expects players to have all around created oxygen consuming and anaerobic limits Motor capacity, for example, a running, bouncing, adaptability and tossing speed speak to physical exercises are considered as significant parts of the game and add to the superior of the group. Fruitful execution requires hazardous intensity of the leg and arms, running speed and kinaesthetic inclination in ball control. Then again in a cutting edge time handball players model explicit anthropometric attributes assume a strong job in helping better execution of competitors under the genuine serious condition. In particular, body, tallness, weight, palm range and palm length are significant in improving competitors execution and are considered as fundamental basis for competitors choice in different playing position. Explicit abilities likewise considered as the major and significant parts of the game. First thought in the preparation program in handball must be given to skill.3 AAHPER, one of the notable organization with respect to wellbeing, physical training and amusement in America likewise made overview about ability test and standards. Expertise test and standards consistently help the players to assess their presentation in the game and to give a driving force to enhancements. Need of assessment of Handball players.4 Need of assessment of Handball Players As contrast with different games handball is generally mainstream and quickest game on the planet. It needs great physical structure, physical wellness and expertise. For handball match-up it is very hard to assess the player since mentor, choice board of trustees, physical instruction educators need to think about the above perspectives. Assessment of the players is the significant procedure for instructing and training, through assessment, a mentor, determination board of trustees individuals, physical teacher and players realize the disadvantages of their games. At the hour of assessment mentor guidance players to improve the disadvantages in their games. Thus, the mentor, determination board of trustees part and players must know about some assessment methods, which empower him to quantify the wellness and aptitude unbiasedly and order them at first just as by estimating the advancement made by them. Handball players require great physical wellness, great body structure and great key expertise of handball for top execution in handball.5 Evaluation of athlete is an unquestionable requirement to recognize their region of shortcomings and planned preparing model for improving explicit competitor insufficiencies. It likewise assists with following the competitor improvement during preparing and game meeting. There are different tests for physical exercises and games which help to quantify the playing capacities of the players in various games. The test causes the players to assess their exhibition, anticipate future execution, show shortcoming, place the competitor in suitable preparing system or preparing gathering, inspire the competitor and to give an impetus to progress. The tests additionally help the mentors, mentors, choice advisory group to gauge players execution and to assess their own instructing system and program. These, tests ought to be utilized For the determination p rocedure, yet shockingly at the hour of choice, choice board just think about execution of the player based on single game circumstance as a choice rule. Inaccessibility of appropriate standards for choice of senior handball players in Maharashtra and in India is one of the fundamental its explanation. So the scientist has chosen to lead the investigation entitled Reforms in the Norms of Selection method for Maharashtra State Senior Level Male Players in Handball Game 1.1. History of Handball Old History Game including the hand and a ball thinks back on a fantastically long custom. Regardless of whether the standards and the method of playing were barely in accordance with todays handball, the Urania game played by the Greek which had just been referenced in Homers Odyssey or Harpaston played by the Romans portrayed by Claudius Galenus (AD 110 200) among others may be described as model of todays handball. Such forerunners likewise existed in todays Central Europe. Minnesingers Walther von der Vogelweide (1170 1230) sang about a, get ball game, while in the sixteenth century, the Frank Rabelais portrayed a sort of game in which the hands were utilized for playing the ball. Another game like handball was played by Greenlands Intuits toward the finish of the eighteenth century. The real beginnings of the sport of handball didnt create until the finish of the nineteenth century. A comparing game was held in Nyborg (Denmark) in 1897. Starting there on, fixed standards for ball games play ed between groups rose. Games, for example, Treibball played against or over a fringe (Grenzball or Raffball, Konigsberger Ball) were notable. Additionally, there were games towards crates or against nets (German netball, nevjall. Turmball ), and later on games towards objectives without ball control. Players were not permitted to run with the ball and to hold it longer than three seconds (Handball 1906 in Sweden, Neuer Raffball, Torball). Further improvement included games towards objectives with ball control. For this situation, players were permitted to run three stages with the ball or to hold it for three seconds. A sort of game from the Czech Republic was called Hazena, a type of field handball which previously incorporated the division of the playing field into three sections portraying field handball. In any case, nations, for example, Denmark, Germany and Sweden are considered as the genuine handball pioneers of current times.6 Present day Development Field handball was pushed by German acrobatic educator so that, close by handball, it got mainstream as an option in contrast to football, particularly for ladies. In 1917, Max Heiser planned the principal official handball rules for ladies. After two years, Karl Schelenz included

Eloys Top 12 Application Questions COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Eloys Top 12 Application Questions COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is natural to have some questions about the application process. Prospective students want to make their application as  complete as possible and it is always better to ask if you are not 100%  sure of something. So here are the Top 12 application questions weve received thus far this year. 1. What does SIPA stands for? How do I pronounce it? SIPA stands for School of International and Public Affairs. You pronounce it like the 7th musical note (Si) + the first syllabi of the country Paraguay (Pa). 2. Would you take a look in my material and tell me if I’m a good candidate? We cannot comment on individual applications/provide comments on chances of admission. Once you submit your application, our admissions office will evaluate it and provide a decision. There are  a variety of resources and information regarding what we look for in our candidates, both on our website (especially the Evaluation Criteria), and  this blog. 3. I don’t have much working experience. Would I still be considered? Most successful applicants have significant experience prior to applying, and on average, incoming students have three  to five years of full-time professional experience.  We do admit a small number of students who have recently received or will receive their undergraduate degree immediately prior to enrolling to SIPA. Those who join SIPA straight from undergrad make up about 7% of the incoming class. However, these applicants have significant internship, study abroad and/or  fieldwork experience. We strongly recommend interested candidates seek this experience prior to applying, even if it means delaying graduate study for a year or more. 4. If I’m not accepted, can I try again the next year? SIPA welcomes applications from candidates who have previously applied for admission, regardless of the outcome. However, for application processing, you are considered a re-applicant if you submitted your application a year ago. If it has been longer than one year, please apply as a new applicant. All reapplications are subject to the same deadlines, fees and regulations as first-time applicants. Besides this, applicants are limited to three applications overall one initial application and two subsequent applications. In order to increase your chances of being accepted, always try to improve your application by adding extra information and/or showing us how you improved your skills since you first applied. 5. Does SIPA offer any fellowships? SIPA does offer fellowships! You apply for aid simply by submitting your application for admission by the appropriate deadline.  All applicants for first-year admission to SIPA are automatically considered for institutional aid (fellowships and scholarships) regardless of nationality when you  apply and select Yes where the application asks if youd like to be considered for fellowship. We also offer a curated list of external funding opportunities, whi you may learn more about by  clicking here. 6. What should I say in my essay? You can think of your personal statement as a type of interview. As such, the personal statement is probably the most important part of an application because it helps us to learn about your passion, goals, and the impact you wish to make. If you could only spend 5 minutes in front of the Admissions Committee, what would you say to ensure us that you would be a contributing student in our program? Your personal statement is your opportunity to “speak” to the Admissions Committee.  Take advantage of your word limits to explain to the Admissions Committee in a succinct and specific manner why your acceptance to SIPA would further your career aspirations and goals. In general, make sure that your personal statement is clear and direct about your goals. Recently, our admission staff have written How NOT to write your personal statement,    How to answer the Fall 2016 short essay, and 6 Quick-And-Dirty Tips To An Outstanding Admission Essay.  We encourage you to search our archives and keep reading the blog for more helpful information. 7. Who should I ask to write  reference letters? We typically recommend that applicants provide a mix of professional and academic letters of reference, but no more than three. If youve been working for  more than five  years, than three strong professional references  are absolutely acceptable. 8. What is the minimum GRE score to apply to  SIPA? Due to the diversity of the applicant pool, SIPA does not have a “minimum” score to apply. We employ a holistic application process and will consider applicants regardless of their test  scores.  If  you have stellar work experience, a solid undergraduate GPA, have taken some additional quant courses, and have good recommendations, you should not let test scores hold you back. In general,  SIPA is a competitive program so you are encouraged to put your best foot forward in your application. If you are concerned about your test scores, you are encouraged to retake the exam and/or address your scores in the optional essay.  GRE or GMAT scores are but one facet of your application. For information on the GRE, visit www.ets.org. Our ETS school code, 2161 (there is no department code). For information on the GMAT, visit www.mba.com/mba/TheGMAT. Our GMAT codes are: Master of International Affairs: QF8-64-56 Master of Public Administration: QF8-64-99 9. Do I have to submit TOEFL scores? International students who did not earn a bachelor’s degree from an institution in which English was the primary language of instruction, must submit proof of competency in English by submitting TOEFL or IELTS scores in order for the application to be reviewed. In order for the application to be considered for admission, applicants must successfully achieve a minimum score of 100 on the TOEFL ibt. Applicants who choose to submit IELTS scores must meet a minimum of 7.0. Starting for Spring 2016 applicants, a copy of the TOEFL/IELTS score report must be uploaded as part of your completed application. 10. How late can I report my test scores? We need your self-reported scores (including TOEFL/IELTS score reports) by the application deadline. (The testing center sends us your writing scores directly.) The official scores can reach us after the application deadline, all the way until after youve been admitted, paid your enrollment deposit and confirmed your enrollment. The Admissions Committee recommends students take their exams no later than  3-4 weeks prior to the application deadline to ensure your scores are reported on time. For more information, review Whats with the GRE/GMAT and TOEFL/IELTS? 11. Where do people work after SIPA? It is true that SIPA students come from various backgrounds. It is also true that they follow a different  paths afterward. Our graduates work  for foreign governments, multilateral organizations, banks, tech companies, etc. Our friends from SIPA’s Office of Career Services have provided us a couple of links with recent  career statistics. You will find a list of the sectors, the specific employers per sector, and the median salary. At the bottom of the page there is also a list of employers per concentration. Unfortunately, graduates are only surveyed six  months after graduation so we dont have information on the salary growth beyond the point of hire. Employment Statistics by Year Employment Statistics by Concentration SIPA Graduates Around the World 12. What are the differences between the MIA and the MPA degree programs? In keeping with our mission of empowering people to serve the global public interest, SIPA offers an array of degree programs that is unmatched by other graduate public policy schools and uniquely prepares our graduates to address the world’s increasingly complex policy challenges. The first thing you should have in mind is that both degrees carry the same essential preparation. Both MIA or and MPA curricula ensures that: All students receive the same rigorous preparation in politics, policy and quantitative analysis, economics, and management required for success across the public, private and nonprofit sectors; All students enroll in a required, credited course in professional development; All students also concentrate in  a critical arena of public policy: development, energy and the environment, finance and economic policy, human rights, security, or urban policy; All students complete their studies through client-based workshops; All students complete an internship component All students study for four consecutive semesters, totaling 54 credit hours. Students interested in the politics among nations and who aim for careers that require global context for policymaking tend to choose programs that award the MIA.  Recent MIA graduates are working in the private sector, at the United Nations, at NGOs, and at government bodies such as ministries of foreign affairs and security agencies. On the other hand, students interested in the politics within a state and who aim for careers involving the practice of policymaking tend to choose programs that award the MPA.  Our recent MPA graduates are working in federal and state governments, at nonprofits, and in the private sector in roughly equal numbers. The main differences between the MIA and MPA curricula are: The MIA includes a foreign language requirement; the MPA does not. MIA students take a course called Conceptual Foundations, in which they learn the major theoretical frameworks and analytical tools of international affairs and apply them to the most pressing issues of our times. MPAs take a course called Politics of Policymaking, in which they study data-driven political analysis, political processes and institutions, and strategies that shape policymaking arenas. MIAs take an additional course on Interstate Relations, which allows students to study relations among states in a particular geographic area or policy arena that is of special significance to their career plans.

Eloys Top 12 Application Questions COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Eloys Top 12 Application Questions COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is natural to have some questions about the application process. Prospective students want to make their application as  complete as possible and it is always better to ask if you are not 100%  sure of something. So here are the Top 12 application questions weve received thus far this year. 1. What does SIPA stands for? How do I pronounce it? SIPA stands for School of International and Public Affairs. You pronounce it like the 7th musical note (Si) + the first syllabi of the country Paraguay (Pa). 2. Would you take a look in my material and tell me if I’m a good candidate? We cannot comment on individual applications/provide comments on chances of admission. Once you submit your application, our admissions office will evaluate it and provide a decision. There are  a variety of resources and information regarding what we look for in our candidates, both on our website (especially the Evaluation Criteria), and  this blog. 3. I don’t have much working experience. Would I still be considered? Most successful applicants have significant experience prior to applying, and on average, incoming students have three  to five years of full-time professional experience.  We do admit a small number of students who have recently received or will receive their undergraduate degree immediately prior to enrolling to SIPA. Those who join SIPA straight from undergrad make up about 7% of the incoming class. However, these applicants have significant internship, study abroad and/or  fieldwork experience. We strongly recommend interested candidates seek this experience prior to applying, even if it means delaying graduate study for a year or more. 4. If I’m not accepted, can I try again the next year? SIPA welcomes applications from candidates who have previously applied for admission, regardless of the outcome. However, for application processing, you are considered a re-applicant if you submitted your application a year ago. If it has been longer than one year, please apply as a new applicant. All reapplications are subject to the same deadlines, fees and regulations as first-time applicants. Besides this, applicants are limited to three applications overall one initial application and two subsequent applications. In order to increase your chances of being accepted, always try to improve your application by adding extra information and/or showing us how you improved your skills since you first applied. 5. Does SIPA offer any fellowships? SIPA does offer fellowships! You apply for aid simply by submitting your application for admission by the appropriate deadline.  All applicants for first-year admission to SIPA are automatically considered for institutional aid (fellowships and scholarships) regardless of nationality when you  apply and select Yes where the application asks if youd like to be considered for fellowship. We also offer a curated list of external funding opportunities, whi you may learn more about by  clicking here. 6. What should I say in my essay? You can think of your personal statement as a type of interview. As such, the personal statement is probably the most important part of an application because it helps us to learn about your passion, goals, and the impact you wish to make. If you could only spend 5 minutes in front of the Admissions Committee, what would you say to ensure us that you would be a contributing student in our program? Your personal statement is your opportunity to “speak” to the Admissions Committee.  Take advantage of your word limits to explain to the Admissions Committee in a succinct and specific manner why your acceptance to SIPA would further your career aspirations and goals. In general, make sure that your personal statement is clear and direct about your goals. Recently, our admission staff have written How NOT to write your personal statement,    How to answer the Fall 2016 short essay, and 6 Quick-And-Dirty Tips To An Outstanding Admission Essay.  We encourage you to search our archives and keep reading the blog for more helpful information. 7. Who should I ask to write  reference letters? We typically recommend that applicants provide a mix of professional and academic letters of reference, but no more than three. If youve been working for  more than five  years, than three strong professional references  are absolutely acceptable. 8. What is the minimum GRE score to apply to  SIPA? Due to the diversity of the applicant pool, SIPA does not have a “minimum” score to apply. We employ a holistic application process and will consider applicants regardless of their test  scores.  If  you have stellar work experience, a solid undergraduate GPA, have taken some additional quant courses, and have good recommendations, you should not let test scores hold you back. In general,  SIPA is a competitive program so you are encouraged to put your best foot forward in your application. If you are concerned about your test scores, you are encouraged to retake the exam and/or address your scores in the optional essay.  GRE or GMAT scores are but one facet of your application. For information on the GRE, visit www.ets.org. Our ETS school code, 2161 (there is no department code). For information on the GMAT, visit www.mba.com/mba/TheGMAT. Our GMAT codes are: Master of International Affairs: QF8-64-56 Master of Public Administration: QF8-64-99 9. Do I have to submit TOEFL scores? International students who did not earn a bachelor’s degree from an institution in which English was the primary language of instruction, must submit proof of competency in English by submitting TOEFL or IELTS scores in order for the application to be reviewed. In order for the application to be considered for admission, applicants must successfully achieve a minimum score of 100 on the TOEFL ibt. Applicants who choose to submit IELTS scores must meet a minimum of 7.0. Starting for Spring 2016 applicants, a copy of the TOEFL/IELTS score report must be uploaded as part of your completed application. 10. How late can I report my test scores? We need your self-reported scores (including TOEFL/IELTS score reports) by the application deadline. (The testing center sends us your writing scores directly.) The official scores can reach us after the application deadline, all the way until after youve been admitted, paid your enrollment deposit and confirmed your enrollment. The Admissions Committee recommends students take their exams no later than  3-4 weeks prior to the application deadline to ensure your scores are reported on time. For more information, review Whats with the GRE/GMAT and TOEFL/IELTS? 11. Where do people work after SIPA? It is true that SIPA students come from various backgrounds. It is also true that they follow a different  paths afterward. Our graduates work  for foreign governments, multilateral organizations, banks, tech companies, etc. Our friends from SIPA’s Office of Career Services have provided us a couple of links with recent  career statistics. You will find a list of the sectors, the specific employers per sector, and the median salary. At the bottom of the page there is also a list of employers per concentration. Unfortunately, graduates are only surveyed six  months after graduation so we dont have information on the salary growth beyond the point of hire. Employment Statistics by Year Employment Statistics by Concentration SIPA Graduates Around the World 12. What are the differences between the MIA and the MPA degree programs? In keeping with our mission of empowering people to serve the global public interest, SIPA offers an array of degree programs that is unmatched by other graduate public policy schools and uniquely prepares our graduates to address the world’s increasingly complex policy challenges. The first thing you should have in mind is that both degrees carry the same essential preparation. Both MIA or and MPA curricula ensures that: All students receive the same rigorous preparation in politics, policy and quantitative analysis, economics, and management required for success across the public, private and nonprofit sectors; All students enroll in a required, credited course in professional development; All students also concentrate in  a critical arena of public policy: development, energy and the environment, finance and economic policy, human rights, security, or urban policy; All students complete their studies through client-based workshops; All students complete an internship component All students study for four consecutive semesters, totaling 54 credit hours. Students interested in the politics among nations and who aim for careers that require global context for policymaking tend to choose programs that award the MIA.  Recent MIA graduates are working in the private sector, at the United Nations, at NGOs, and at government bodies such as ministries of foreign affairs and security agencies. On the other hand, students interested in the politics within a state and who aim for careers involving the practice of policymaking tend to choose programs that award the MPA.  Our recent MPA graduates are working in federal and state governments, at nonprofits, and in the private sector in roughly equal numbers. The main differences between the MIA and MPA curricula are: The MIA includes a foreign language requirement; the MPA does not. MIA students take a course called Conceptual Foundations, in which they learn the major theoretical frameworks and analytical tools of international affairs and apply them to the most pressing issues of our times. MPAs take a course called Politics of Policymaking, in which they study data-driven political analysis, political processes and institutions, and strategies that shape policymaking arenas. MIAs take an additional course on Interstate Relations, which allows students to study relations among states in a particular geographic area or policy arena that is of special significance to their career plans.